Donavon Hess Jr, MD, PhD, MBA

Hess Jr, D. J. "The role of lipids in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms", Pediatric Surgery Conference, Rutgers University , New Brunswick, New Jersey. November 01, 2014.

Hess Jr, D. J. "A novel technique for combined laparoscopic/fluoroscopic gastrojejunostomy tube placement; description of technique and a review of the initial experience ", Pediatric Surgery Conference, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. November 01, 2014.

Hess Jr, D. J. "A novel technique for combined laparoscopic/fluoroscopic gastrojejunostomy tube placement; description of technique and a review of the initial experience ", Pediatric Surgery and Gastroenterology Conference, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. August 01, 2014.

Skube, M., Berdan, E., Acton, R. D., Saltzman , D. A., Segura , B. J., Hess Jr, D. J. "Combined laparoscopic/fluoroscopic primary gastrojejunostomy button tube placement: description of technique and review of initial clinical experience ", American Pediatric Surgical Association Annual Meeting , Phoenix , Arizona. June 01, 2014.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Effect of lauric acid on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development ", Surgical Infection Society Annual Meeting , Baltimore , Maryland. April 30, 2014.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Antibacterial activity of the natural surfactant glycerol monolaurate in preventing development of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms ", Academic Surgical Congress, San Diego, California. February 06, 2014.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pediatric Trauma Update", Hennepin County EMS Update, Minneapolis, Minnesota. February 04, 2014.

Gerardin, J. F., St. Louis , J. D., Hess Jr, D. J., Braunlin , E. A. "Acute Post-Cardiac Bypass Pancreatitis in a Neonate ", American Academy of Pediatrics Annual Meeting , Orlando , Florida. October 26, 2013.

Hachey, M., Tolar, J., Schwartzenberg, S., Defor, T., Acton , R. D., Hess Jr, D. J., Segura, B., Saltzman , D. A. "Hepatobiliary disease in blood and bone marrow transplant patients ", American College of Surgeons 99th Clinical Congress, Washington, D.C.. October 06, 2013.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Management of Esophageal Atresia and other Neonatal Esophageal Diseases ", Minnesota Perinatal Organization, Breezy Point, Minnesota. September 20, 2013.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M., Wells, C. L. "Role of lipid in antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms ", 36th Annual Conference on Shock , San Diego, California. June 01, 2013.

Henry-Stanley, M., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Aminoglycoside activity is modulated by the nutrient concentration in developing biofilms ", 36th Annual Conference on Shock , San Diego, California. June 01, 2013.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M., Wells , C. L. "Combined Effect of anaerobiasis and gentamicin on developing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms ", 8th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , New Orleans, Louisiana. February 05, 2013.

Berdan, E. A., Gorsuch, L. B., Larson , A. N., Ledonio , C. G., Nuckley, D., Seidel , F. G., Koop, S., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R., Polly , D., Saltzman , D. A. "The Thoracic Relationship: Does Pectus Excavatum occur at a higher rate in patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis? ", Academic Surgical Congress, New Orleans, Louisiana. February 05, 2013.

Huthcins, J., Goyal , A., Sikka , R., Castro , C., Hess Jr, D. J., Belani , K. "A cohort review of perioperative pain care measures in children following pectus excavatum repair ", International Assembly for Pediatric Anesthesia , Society for Pediatric Anesthesia , Washington, D.C.. October 10, 2012.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Can gentamicin prevent formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms?", 35th Annual Conference on Shock, Miami Beach , Florida. June 09, 2012.

Henry-Stanley , M., Hess Jr, D. J., Sivertson , M. B., Wells , C. L. "Ampicillin promotes Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation ", 35th Annual Conference on Shock, Miami Beach , Florida. June 09, 2012.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Can vancomycin or ampillin prevent develpment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms?", 7th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Las Vegas, Nevada. February 14, 2012.

MacDonald, J., Berdan , E. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D., Segura , B. J., Hanlon , M., Saltzman , D. A. "Compressive orthotic bracing: a conservative model for the treatment of pectus carinatum ", American College of Surgeons , Chicago, Illinois. January 01, 2012.

Berdan, E. A., Larson , A. N., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D., Ledonio, C. G., Seidel , F. G., Polly , D. W., Saltzman , D. A. "Double Crush to the Thorax: Kyphoscoliosis and Pectus Excavatum, a case report", Orthopaedic Surgical Section Meeting, American Association of Pediatrics , New Orleans, Louisiana. January 01, 2012.

Berdan, E. A., MacDonald, J., Hanlon, M., Rogers, L. L., Hess Jr, D. J., Segura , B. J., Acton , R. D., Saltzman , D. A. "Pectus Carinatum: A conservative treatment paradigm", Surgical Section Meeting , American Association of Pediatrics , New Orleans, Louisiana. January 01, 2012.

Berdan , E., Larson , A. N., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R., Saltzman , D., Polly , D. "Defining Thoracic Kyphosis and Scoliosis in Patients with Pectus Excavatum", International Meeting on Advanced Spine Techniques (IMAST). January 01, 2012.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley , M. J., Wells , C. L. "Ultrastructure of vegetarians within vascular catheters from hospitalized tertiary care patients ", 34th Annual Conference on Shock , Norfolk, Virginia. June 11, 2011.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Gentamicin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm cultivated on silk suture ", 6th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Huntington Beach, California. February 03, 2011.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Necrotizing Enterocolitis ", 4th Annual Advances in Neonatal Critical Care , Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. November 11, 2010.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Neonatal gastrointestinal anomalies ", 36th Annual Fall Conference of the Minnesota Perinatal Organization, Minneapolis, Minnesota. September 24, 2010.

Alm, E. M., Antonoff , M. B., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D., Saltzman , D. A. "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: a safe procedure in infants under 5 kg", Minnesota Surgical Resident's Society , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 15, 2010.

Antonoff , M. B., Erickson, A. E., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D., Saltzman , D. A. "Comparison of Nuss, Ravitch, and Leonard procedure for primary repair of pectus excavatum", Minnesota Surgical Resident's Society , University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 15, 2010.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Vascular catheters from patients with no evidence of systemic infection contain vegetations that may influence bacterial adherence ", 33rd Annual Conference on Shock , Portland, Oregon. June 12, 2010.

Henry-Stanley , M., Shepherd, M., Sivertson , M., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. "Synergistic effects of polyethylene glycol and heparin on enterocyte interactions with Staphylococcus aureus", 33rd Annual Conference on Shock , Portland, Oregon. June 12, 2010.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Sheperd, M. M., Wells , C. L., Hess Jr, D. J. "Role of Staphylococcus aureus protein A in adherence to silastic catheters ", 5th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , San Antonio, Texas. February 02, 2010.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Long gap esophageal atresia: the Minnesota repair ", 3rd Annual Advances in Neonatal Critical Care, Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. November 12, 2009.

Iyegha , U., Hess Jr, D. J. "Effect of serum and heparin on Staphylococcus aureus adherence to silastic catheters ", Minnesota Surgical Society, Assissi Heights, Rochester, Minnesota. October 23, 2009.

Alm, L., Antonoff , M. B., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D., Saltzman , D. A. "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication: a safe procedure in infants under 5 kg", Minnesota Surgical Society, Assissi Heights, Rochester, Minnesota. October 23, 2009.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pediatric Blunt Trauma Resuscitation ", Life Link III Trauma Tactics , Red Wing, Minnesota. October 23, 2009.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Imperforate Anus", Grand Rounds, Associated Community Medical Center , Willmar, Minnesota. October 21, 2009.

Marquez , T. T., Saltzman , D. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Regelmann, W. E., Schwarzenberg , S. J., Brearley, A. M., Acton , R. D. "Nissen Fundoplication in Children with Cystic Fibrosis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: effects of pulmonary function reconsidered ", American Academy of Pediatrics Section of Surgery , Washington, D.C.. October 16, 2009.

Antonoff , M. B., Saltzman, D. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D. "Retrospective review of re-operative pectus excavatum repairs ", 40th Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Association , Fajardo , Puerto Rico. May 28, 2009.

Whitson , B. A., Richardson , E., Iaizzo , P. A., Hess Jr, D. J. "Functional comparison of bulb suction devices ", 4th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Fort Myers, Florida. February 04, 2009.

Hess Jr, D. J., Sheperd, M., Wells, C. L., Henry-Stanley , M. J. "Effect of serum and heparin on Staphylococcus aureus adherence to silastic catheters ", 4th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Fort Myers, Florida. February 04, 2009.

Saltzman , D. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton , R. D. "Initiating an academic surgical practice in a competitive market ", 4th Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Fort Myers, Florida. February 04, 2009.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Gleason , W., Sheperd , M., Sivertson , M., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells, C. L. "Novel synthetic sugars inhibit bacteria-enterocyte interactions ", Shock 2009 . January 01, 2009.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pediatric Surgery Topics ", Maple Grove Medical Center CME for Pediatricians, Minnesota. November 20, 2008.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pediatric Trauma Case Presentations", Trama Tactics , Red Wing, Minnesota. October 24, 2008.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Viability of Staphylococcus aureus in suture-associated biofilm ", 31st Annual Conference on Shock , Cologne , Germany. June 28, 2008.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Viability of Staphylococcus aureus in suture-associated biofilms ", 31st Annual Conference on Shock , 6th Congress of the International Federation of Shock Societies , Cologne, Germany. June 28, 2008.

Marquez , T. T., Hess Jr, D. J., Acton, R. D., Saltzman , D. A. "A comprehensive meta-analysis of procedures for total colonic aganglionosis ", American Pediatric Surgical Association 39th Annual Meeting , Phoenix, Arizona. May 29, 2008.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pediatric Trauma Topics ", Fairview Red Wing Medical Center 19th Annual EMS Appreciation Banquet, Minnesota. May 06, 2008.

Banton, K. L., Harmon, J. V., Acton , R. D., Saltzman , D. A., Hess Jr, D. J. "Adapting massive transfusion protocols for pediatric patients ", Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Meeting, Allina Commons , Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 02, 2008.

Acton , R. D., Hess Jr, D. J., Saltzman , D. A. "Teaching pediatric surgery as a course in the 80 hour work week ", Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Meeting, Allina Commons , Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 02, 2008.

Iyegha , U., Goldman , D., Saltzman , D. A., Acton , R. D., Hess Jr, D. J. "Proton pump inhibitor-induced gastric polyposis: Case report and Review of the literature ", Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Meeting, Allina Commons , Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 02, 2008.

Antonoff, M., Acton , R. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Saltzman , D. A. "Modified approach to laparoscopic gastrostomy tube placement minimizes complications ", Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Meeting , Allina Commons , Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 02, 2008.

Whitson, B. A., Richarson , E., Iaizzo, P. A., Saltzman , D. A., Acton , R. D., Hess Jr, D. J. "Not every bulb is a rose: which suction bulb is best?", Minnesota Surgical Society Spring Meeting, Allina Commons , Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 02, 2008.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Solid Organ Injuries", Fairview Ridges Medical Center Emergency Medicine Faculty Meeting, Minnesota. April 08, 2008.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Bendel, C., Johnson, M., Wells , C. L. "LPS and TNF-alpha participate in host defense against Candida glabrata ", 3rd Annual Academic Surgical Congress , Huntington Beach, California. February 13, 2008.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Becoming a Pediatric Trauma Center ", Pediatrics Grand Rounds, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. December 05, 2007.

Krosch , T. C., Hess Jr, D. J., D'Cunha , J., Foker , J. E. "Esophageal Growth Induction to Achieve Primary Repair of Long Gap Esophageal Atresia ", Minnesota Surgical Society Fall Meeting . October 27, 2007.

Iyegha , U., Weigel , B., Stefanski , H., Saltzman , D. A., Acton , R. D., Hess Jr, D. J. "Non-rhabdomyomatous Liver and Soft Tissue Sarcomas-Contemporary Management ", Minnesota Surgical Society Fall Meeting. October 18, 2007.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy for Hyperhidrosis ", Fairview Northlands Hospital Grand Rounds, Minnesota. October 02, 2007.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Forgive and Remember ", University at Buffalo Department of Surgery Grand Rounds, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. May 03, 2007.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Peritoneal Drainage for Necrotizing Enterocolitis given to Neonatalogy Grand Rounds", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. February 08, 2007.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Thoracic Trauma given to Emergency Medicine Grand Rounds", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. January 18, 2007.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Pyloric Stenosis given to Pediatrics Training Program ", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. August 03, 2006.

Loghmanee , C. L., Hurley , C. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Caty , M. G. "Multidisciplinary Collaborative Rounds Improve Patient Satisfaction on a Pediatric Surgery Service ", SUNY at Buffalo 2nd Annual Department of Surgery Research Day . May 25, 2006.

Hurley , C. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Caty , M. G. "Multidisciplinary Collaborative Rounds Improve Patient Satisfaction on a Pediatric Surgery Service ", Kaleida Health Nursing Research Day . May 19, 2006.

Hurley , C. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Lau, S. T., Lee, Y., Zallen , G., Caty , M. G. "Multidisciplinary Collaborative Rounds Improve Patient Satisfaction on a Pediatric Surgery Service ", 15th Annual Meeting of the American Pediatric Surgical Nurses Association , Hilton Head, South Carolina. May 18, 2006.

Loghmanee, C. L., Hurley , C. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Caty , M. G. "Multidisciplinary Collaborative Rounds Improve Patient Satisfaction on a Pediatric Surgery Service ", SUNY at Buffalo 9th Annual Resident Scholarly Exchange Day . May 04, 2006.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Intussusception given to Pediatrics Training Program ", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. February 15, 2006.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Neonatal Chylothorax given to Neonatology Grand Rounds", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. January 12, 2006.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Community-Acquired MRSA given to Buffalo Pediatric Society", Williamsville, New York. January 05, 2006.

Hess Jr, D. J. "Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction given to Pediatrics Department Grand Rounds ", Women and Children's Hospital of Buffalo. September 19, 2005.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Erickson , E. A., Garni, R. M., Wells , C. L. "Fibronectin and intestinal pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus", 27th Annual Conference on Shock , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. June 05, 2004.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Erickson, E. A., Garni , R. M., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Syndecan-1, heparan sulfate and bacteria-enterocyte interactions ", 27th Annual Conference on Shock , Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. June 05, 2004.

Hess Jr, D. J., Kosari , K., Glessing , B., Humar, A., Sielaff , T. D. "Hepatic lobectomy for underlying disease vs. for donation in living donor liver transplant", Ninth Annual International Liver Transplantation Society Congress , Barcelona, Spain. June 18, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Lipopolysaccharides alters Staphylococcus aureus internalization by cultured enterocytes", Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Residents Society , Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 10, 2003.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Erickson, E. A., Garni, R. M., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "LPS modulates expression of syndecan-1 by enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Phoenix, Arizona. June 07, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Garni, R. M., Erickson , E. A., Henry-Stanley , M. J., Wells , C. L. "Escherichia coli alters Staphylococcus aureus interactions with intestinal epithelium", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Phoenix, Arizona. June 07, 2003.

Linden, B. C., Hess Jr, D. J., Anderson , F., Cornfield , D. N. "Lipopolysaccharide directly decreases cytosolic calcium concentration in fetal distal pulmonary artery smooth muscle ", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society , Phoenix, Arizona. June 07, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Kosari, K., Glessing , B., Humar , A., Sielaff , T. D. "Hepatic lobectomy for disease vs. donation for transplantation ", Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Digestive Diseases Week, Orlando, Florida. May 17, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Wells, C. L. "Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis: insights from the interactions of S. aureus with the intestinal epithelium", Meting of the Minnesota Surgical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. May 16, 2003.

Kosari , K., Ritchie , R. L., Hess Jr, D. J., Hunter , D., Sielaff , T. D. "Partial radiofrequency ablation causes increased local and remote hepatocellular cancer growth in a rat model ", Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Society , St. Paul, Minnesota. May 16, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Garni , R. M., Erickson , E. A., Wells , C. L. "Lipopolysaccharide modulates Staphylococcus aureus interactions with intestinal epithelium", Annual Meeting of the Surgical Infection Society , San Antonio, Texas. April 10, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Kosari, K., Ritchie, R. L., Solis, S. J., Sielaff , T. D. "Heparin inhibits colon cancer adherence to hepatocyte spheroids", American Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association 4th Americas Congress , Miami, Florida. February 27, 2003.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Erickson, E. A., Garni , R. M., Wells , C. L. "Intracellular survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Caco-2 enterocytes", 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Academic Surgery , Boston, Massachusetts. November 07, 2002.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Hess Jr, D. J., Erickson, E. A., Wells , C. L. "LPS inhibits Candida albicans interaction with intestinal epithelium ", 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Academic Surgery , Boston, Massachusetts. November 07, 2002.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Erickson, E. A., Wells , C. L. "Enterocytes internalize Staphylococcus aureus", Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons , San Francisco, California. October 06, 2002.

Hess Jr, D. J., Wells, C. L. "Staphylococcus aureus interactions with epithelial cells ", Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Society , Rochester, Minnesota. September 27, 2002.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Bacteria-enterocyte interactions", Annual Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Residents Society, Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 11, 2002.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Erickson, E. A., Wells , C. L. "Potential role of heparan sulfate in Staphylococcus aureus internalization by HT-29 enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Big Sky, Montana. June 08, 2002.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Erickson, E. A., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Cytokine-mediated down-regulation of syndecan-1 correlates with decreased bacterial internalization by HT-29 enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Big Sky, Montana. June 08, 2002.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Moore, E. A., Wells , C. L. "Cytokines modulate bacteria-enterocyte interactions", Annual Meeting of the Association for Academic Surgery, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. November 15, 2001.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wiesner, S. M., Wells , C. L. "Mannose inhibits Candida albicans adherence to cultured enterocytes ", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Marco Island, Florida. June 09, 2001.

Henry-Stanley , M. J., Hess Jr, D. J., Wells , C. L. "Syndecan-1 and bacterial adherence to enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Shock Society, Marco Island, Florida. June 09, 2001.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wiesner, S., Wells , C. L. "Candida adherence to cultured enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Surgical Infection Society, Snowbird, Utah. May 03, 2001.

Kosari , K., Hess Jr, D. J., Wolfe, R., Gomez , M., Hunter, D., Deitz , C., Greeno , E., Sielaff , T. D. "A multidisciplinary approach to radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors ", Annual Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. April 27, 2001.

Hess Jr, D. J., Henry-Stanley, M. J., Wells , C. L. "Candida albicans adherence to cultured enterocytes", Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Society , St. Paul, Minnesota. April 27, 2001.

Kosari , K., Hess Jr, D. J., Wolfe , R., Gomez, M., Hunter, D., Dietz , C., Greeno, E., Sielaff , T. D. "A multidisciplinary approach to radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors ", American Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association , Miami Beach , Florida. February 22, 2001.

Hess Jr, D. J., Feltis, B. A., Cromwell , J., Garcia-Aguilar , J., Wells , C. L. "Integrin expression alters internalization of enteric bacteria by cultured enterocytes", Annual Meeting of the Association for Academic Surgery, Tampa, Florida. November 02, 2000.

Hess Jr, D. J., Sielaff , T. D. "A model of colon cancer metastasis to the liver", Annual Meeting of the Minnesota Surgical Residents Society, Minneapolis, Minnesota. July 20, 2000.