Faculty

Bio

Dr. Adeyi is an anatomic pathologist with expertise in liver and transplantation pathology. His clinical practice covers medical, transplant and oncologic diseases of the liver, with more than 15 years' experience as a hepatobiliary pathology sub-specialist. His primary research interest is in transplant and tumor immunology. During his career he has combined an active clinical service with research and teaching as well as participating locally, nationally, and internationally as a key resource in medical, transplantation and oncologic liver diseases.Adeyi's research has focused on the interplay between the immune system on the one hand and allogeneic, tumor and viral antigens on the other. In collaboration he has used murine and pig models to study varying aspects of alloimmunity, infections, and tumorigenesis in modified immunologic backgrounds, with a view to understanding how best to utilize the innate and specific immune systems in achieving better outcomes in solid organ transplantation and malignancies, as well as viral infections and organ preservation injury.

Research Summary

Transplant and tumor immunology

Publications

• Barrow F, Khan S, Fredrickson G, Wang H, Dietsche K, Parthiban P, Robert S, Kaiser T, Winer S, Herman A, Adeyi O, Mouzaki M, Khoruts A, Hogquist KA, Staley C, Winer DA, Revelo XS.  Microbiota-driven activation of intrahepatic B cells aggravates NASH through innate and adaptive signaling. Hepatology. 2021 Aug;74(2):704-722
• Moini M, Onofrio F, Hansen BE, Adeyi O, Khalili K, Patel K.  Combination of FIB-4 with ultrasound surface nodularity or elastography as predictors of histologic advanced liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 29;11(1):19275
• Kosick HM, Keyrouz A, Adeyi O, Sebastiani G, Patel K. A.  Stepwise algorithmic approach and external validation study for noninvasive prediction of advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Nov;66(11):4046-4057
• Fredrickson G, Barrow F, Dietsche K, Parthiban P, Khan S, Robert S, Demirchian M, Rhoades H, Wang H, Adeyi O, Revelo XS. Exercise of high intensity ameliorates hepatic inflammation and the progression of NASH. Mol Metab. 2021 Nov;53:101270
• Gonzalez RS, Raza A, Propst R, Adeyi O, Bateman J, Sopha SC, Shaw J, Auerbach A.  Recent advances in digestive tract tumors: Updates from the 5th Edition of the World Health Organization "Blue Book". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2021 May 1;145(5):607-626
• Arif D, Mettler T, Adeyi OA. Mimics of hepatocellular carcinoma: a review and an approach to avoiding histopathological diagnostic missteps. Hum Pathol. 2021 Jun;112:116-127.

Research Summary

Dr. Ahmed is a Senior Research Career Scientist at Minneapolis VA Health Medical Center. He has a long history of studies on functional biology of protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II or 2) and is considered a leader in this field. CK2 has emerged as a major signal involved in diverse cellular functions of health and disease and may be a universal target for cancer drug development.Ahmed began his investigation of CK2 in studies of prostate cancer and has subsequently studied CK2 involvement in head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma.He was first to characterize CK2's intracellular phosphorylation signaling mechanism and then delineated the role of CK2 as a suppressor of cell death, including apoptosis or programmed cell death, in normal and neoplastic cells. The latter activity of CK2 is now regarded as one of its most important functions. Ahmed's current research, in collaboration with fellow investigators at the VA Health Care System and private industry, focuses on studies of the mechanisms of CK2 regulation of cell death and on developing molecular therapeutic strategies using a nanomedicine approach for the treatment of prostate and other cancers. CK2 signal plays a critical role in cell growth and proliferation. Studies by Ahmed and his colleagues show that CK2 is highly expressed in proliferating cells including cancer cells, and loss of CK2 activity results in cell death. All cancers they have analyzed demonstrate consistently up-regulated CK2, which is distinct from the pattern of up- and down-regulation found in normal cells, a kind of regulatory homeostasis. The ability of CK2 to promote cell growth as well as suppress apoptosis links the kinase to cancer biology as cancer cells are characterized by dysregulation not only of proliferation but also of apoptosis, which means that this signal has the potential of serving as a target for inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Ahmed originally proposed CK2 as a target for cancer therapy, which is now being pursued by several groups. Although CK2 is present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, in cancer cells it tends to concentrate in the nucleus.  Ahmed's laboratory has found that many of the CK2 functions related to cell growth and cell death are mediated via its signaling to structures in the cell's nucleus such as chromatin and nuclear matrix. Ahmed and co-investigators Janeen Trembley, Betsy Kren and others are delineating the mechanism of these signaling events. Recently they found that the CK2 activity affects the membrane potential of mitochondria, which is associated with rapid intracellular calcium flux; mitochondria are the classical mediators of cell death.Ahmed and his colleagues have also established proof of principle for the potential targeting of CK2 for cancer therapy by antisense or siRNA-mediated molecular downregulation of CK2.In collaboration with Gretchen Unger of GeneSegues, Inc., they are employing a novel nanoparticle approach for delivering CK2 antisense or siRNA oligonucleotides specifically to the tumor cells in vivo. They have developed an entirely original nanocapsule strategy to deliver the treatment to cancer cells, thereby avoiding normal cell damage and heightened toxicity characteristic of conventional chemotherapy. Unger invented a neutrally charged protein nanocapsule particle less than 50 nanometers in size that carries an anti-CK2 nucleic acid to induce cell death by prohibiting the formation of CK2, an essential protein for cell survival.The researchers created this nanocapsule using the tenfibgen protein subdomain of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin C, which is readily recognized by the surface receptors for tenascin in cancer cells, allowing the nanocapsule to enter the cell. Upon entry the cell breaks down the capsule's shell releasing the anti-CK2 nucleic acid.Cancer cells begin to die when CK2 expression is reduced, typically at as little as 30 percent of CK2 protein loss. Ahmed is encouraged by results from small- and large-animal studies of the potential for a nanomedicine strategy for treating cancer by selectively inhibiting CK2 expression in cancer cells.He is particularly interested in its potential for treating metastatic bone cancer arising from prostate cancer.This type of bone cancer is currently untreatable.

Publications

• Afzal, M., Kren, B.T., Naveed, A.K., Trembley, J.H., and Ahmed, K. Protein kinase CK2 impact on intracellular calcium homeostasis in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Biochem (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-020-03752-4
• Ahmed RL, Shaughnessy DP, Knutson TP, Vogel RI, Ahmed K, Kren BT, Trembley JH.  CDK11 Loss Induces Cell Cycle Dysfunction and Death of BRAF and NRAS Melanoma Cells.  Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2019 Apr 2;12(2). pii: E50. doi: 10.3390/ph12020050
• Cannon CM, Trembley JH, Kren BT, Unger GM, O’Sullivan MG, Cornax I, Modiano JF, Ahmed K: Therapeutic targeting of protein kinase CK2 gene expression in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma: A naturally occurring large animal model of head and neck cancer. Human Gene Therapy Clinical Development, Volume 28, Number 2, 2017. DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.008
• Trembley JH, Kren BT, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Cannon CM, Unger, GM, Ahmed K: CK2 Molecular Targeting —Tumor Cell-Specific Delivery of RNAi in Various Models of Cancer. Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10, 25; doi:10.3390/ph10010025
• Ahmed K, Kren BT, Abedin MJ, Vogel RI, Shaughnessy DP, Nacusi L, Korman VL, Li Y, Dehm SM, Zimmerman CL, Niehans GA, Unger GM, Trembley JH. CK2 targeted RNAi therapeutic delivered via malignant cell-directed tenfibgen nanocapsule: dose and molecular mechanisms of response in xenograft prostate tumors. Oncotarget. 2016 Aug 20. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.11442. [Epub ahead of print]

Bio

Dr. Amin is an anatomic and clinical pathologist who has conducted research in the areas of angiogenesis, carcinogenesis and radiation-induced lung disease. He has also pursued studies of various human diseases in animal models, in vivo toxicology assays, and preclinical drug development of anti-cancer drugs in collaboration with the biotechnology industry. Amin was part of a collaborative research group that discovered a link between the clinical use of synthetic erythropoietin (EPO) and risk of tumorigenesis. He and his colleagues showed that tumor cells have cell-surface receptors for EPO, which can stimulate tumor cells to proliferate and enhances the formation of new blood vessels in tumors. Recently, Amin has collaborated with clinical colleagues in studies of cyroprobe lung biopsy, a new tool in diagnosing lung diseases; endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration as a diagnostic and staging tool for rectal and perirectal lesions; and the value of ex vivo dermoscopy of cutaneous biopsies in the histopathologic diagnosis of melanoma. He also collaborated in studies showing that the metal-responsive transcription factor-1 (MTF-1) zinc finger protein is elevated in human tumors, suggesting a role for MTF-1 in human carcinogenesis. As a cytopathologist he has a special interest in defining the role of molecular testing in diagnosis of thyroid cancer on cytology specimens. Although Amin is currently engaged mostly in clinical work, he has an interest in pursuing translational research in collaboration with clinicians and basic scientists.

Research Summary

Publications

• Rothrock AT, Stewart lll J, Li F, Racila E and Amin K. Exploration of INSM1 and hASH1 as additional markers in lung cytology samples of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma with indeterminate neuroendocrine differentiation. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 11 February 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24938

• Goswami A, Zhang AJ, Vahidi S, Mettler T, Stewart 3^rd J, and Amin K. Oncocytic features in salivary duct carcinoma, a potential pitfall for misdiagnosis as Warthin tumor in fine needle aspiration specimens: A cytomorphologic analysis of 14 cases. Diagnostic Cytopathology, April 9, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/dc.24426
• Moisini I, Amin K, Mallery S, Stewart J 3rd, Mettler T. Efficacy of endoscopic-guided fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal spindle cell tumors. Diagn Cytopathol. 2018 Aug;46(8):663-669. doi: 10.1002/dc.23976.
• Hupp M, Najmuddin M, Dincer HE, Mallery JS, Amin K, Stewart J 3rd, Cytomorphologic features of malignant or high risk solitary fibrous tumors of the mediastinum sampled by endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration: a comparison of two case reports, In Early View Diagnostic Cytopathology in April 2019.doi: 10.1002/dc.24192
• Nasir A, Amateau SK, Khan S, Simpson RW, Snover DC, Amin K. The Many Faces of Intestinal Tract Gastric Heterotopia; A Series of Four Cases Highlighting Clinical and Pathological Heterogeneity. Hum Pathol. 2018 Jan 7. pii: S0046-8177(18)30004-2. doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.01.003. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 29320750. http://www.humanpathol.com/article/S0046-8177(18)30004-2/fulltext

Bio

A Minnesota native, Arries earned a BA degree in Biology, Society, and Environment from the University of Minnesota and an MD degree from the University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth campus. He completed a residency in anatomic and clinical pathology in LMP and was chief resident from 2020-2021. Recently, Arries completed a fellowship in hematopathology in LMP.  In addition to joining the hematopathology service and research teams, Arries servex as the LMP Director of Medical Student Pathology Education.

Research Summary

Publications

Arries, C., Williams, S., Wallschlager, A., Jernberg, C., & Powell, D. (2021). Innovative Team‐Learning Project for Undergraduate Pathology Education. Academic Pathology, 8, April, 2021 Pub Med. https://doi.org/10.1177/23742895211023943

Hartsough, E. M., Arries, C., Amin, K., & Powell, D. (2021). Designing and Implementing a Virtual Anatomic Pathology Elective During the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Academic Pathology, 8. April, 2021, Pub Med https://doi.org/10.1177/23742895211010265

Arries, C. D., & Yohe, S. L. (2020). Monocytic maturation induced by FLT3 inhibitor therapy of acute myeloid leukemia: Morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics. Lab Medicine, 51(5), 478‐483. https://doi.org/10.1093/LABMED/LMZ094

Bio

Dr. Balfour is a professor of laboratory medicine and pathology and also pediatrics. He is founder of the Clinical Virology Laboratory and is principal investigator of its International Center for Antiviral Research and Epidemiology. Balfour has a long-standing research interest in viruses and human disease and preventative vaccines. His current research focus is on the pathobiology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the development of an EBV vaccine. Balfour is principal investigator of the Epstein-Barr Diseases Research Program.A member of the herpes virus family, EBV is one of the most common human viruses and probably the most complex in terms of how it interacts with the immune system. Most people around the world get infected with EBV at some point in their lives. EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, primarily saliva. EBV can cause infectious mononucleosis and is associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and other cancers. EBV is a risk factor for blood and bone marrow transplant patients and others who are immunosuppressed. In addition, evidence that EBV plays a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is rapidly accumulating. Because EBV interacts with the immune system in complex ways, Balfour and other faculty in his virology group work closely with faculty in the Center for Immunology. Together they conducted a prospective study of University undergraduate students without evidence of EBV infection to determine the incidence of and risk factors for the acquisition of primary EBV. They found that 25 percent of freshmen lacking evidence of EBV in their bloodstream are subsequently infected and acquire mononucleosis. EBV infection is associated with deep kissing with nearly nine of ten infected students showing symptoms. The researchers also found that the severity of symptoms is related to high numbers of natural killer cells, CD8⁺ T cells, and elevated blood viral loads. People with a history of mononucleosis are at higher risk for developing Hodgkin's lymphoma and also multiple sclerosis (MS), a central nervous system disease that affects more than two million people worldwide. Nearly all MS patients possess EBV antibodies indicating acquisition of the virus. Balfour and his colleagues together with a private company are working to develop a vaccine that could potentially prevent EBV-caused diseases like mononucleosis and EBV-associated diseases like Hodgkin's lymphoma and MS. A vaccine could also potentially prevent severe illness or even death from EBV infection following transplantation, especially in pediatric patients who have not been exposed to the virus and have no antibodies against it. The investigators are targeting the EBV viral-surface glycoprotein 350 (gp350), which can prevent EBV from entering the cell. Because gp350 is the most highly expressed of EBV surface proteins, neutralizing antibody is developed in concert with recognizing the gp350 molecule. The experimental vaccine will be based on gp350 protein that can raise neutralizing antibody, which in turn prevents EBV from traveling from one cell to another once EBV infection occurs.Balfour is Associate Editor of the Journal of Clinical Virology.

Research Summary

Diagnosis and treatment of herpesvirus infections; pathobiology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) diseases; role of EBV in infectious mononucleosis, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, and organ transplantation; EBV vaccine development. 

Publications

See also PubMed

Selected Publications

• Geris JM, Duval LM, and Balfour HH. “Epstein-Barr Virus.” In: Rezaei N (ed.) Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity. vol. 2, pp. 37-52. Oxford: Elsevier (2022). dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818731-9.00074-4.
• Fahad AS, Cheng-Yu C, Lopez Acevedo SN, Boyle N, Madan B, Gutiérrez-González M-F, Matus-Nicodemos R, Laflin AD, Ladi RR, Zhou J, Wolfe J, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Koup RA, Douek DC, Balfour HH Jr, Price DA, and DeKosky BJ. Immortalization and functional screening of natively paired human T cell receptor repertoires, Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, Volume 35, 2022, gzab034, https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzab034
• Liu H, Gemmell L, Lin R, Zuo F, Balfour HH Jr, Woo JC, Hayes GM. Development of an improved Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) neutralizing antibody assay to facilitate development of a prophylactic gp350-subunit EBV vaccine. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 1;12(1):e2020016. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2020.016.
• Allen Choi, Kathryn Marcus, Danielle Pohl, Patrick Ten Eyck, Henry Balfour Jr, and J Brooks Jackson. Epstein-Barr virus infection status among first year undergraduate university students. Journal of American College Health, Feb. 2, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1726927
• Rostgaard K, Balfour HH Jr, Jarrett R, Erikstrup C,Pedersen O, Ullum H,, Nielsen LP, Voldstedlund M, Hjalgrim H. Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection with and without infectious mononucleosis.PLoS One. 2019 Dec 17;14(12):e0226436. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226436. 
• Balfour HH Jr, Schmeling DO, Grimm-Geris JM. The promise of a prophylactic Epstein-Barr virus vaccine. Pediatr Res. 2019 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/s41390-019-0591-5.
• Cederberg LM, Rabinovitch MD, Grimm-Geris JM, Schmeling DO, Filtz EA, Condon LM, Balfour HH Jr. Epstein-Barr virus DNA in parental oral secretions: a potential source of infection for their young children. Clin Infect Dis 2018; DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy464
• Dunmire SK, Verghese PS, Balfour HH Jr. Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 103(2018) 84-92. https://goo.gl/yJTNbg

Bio

Amy studied biology at the University of Michigan as an undergraduate, served as a community health volunteer in the Peace Corps in West Africa after graduation, and then headed to the University of California, San Francisco for medical school. She was thrilled to match at the University of Minnesota for residency, with its diverse training sites, strong AP and CP instruction, and friendly, supportive environment. Amy is currently a member of the CAP's personalized health care committee and looks forward to pursuing a fellowship in hematopathology. She spends her free time hanging out with her husband and three sons.

Research Summary

Publications

Kao RL, Jacobsen AA, Billington CJ Jr, Yohe SL, Beckman AK, Vercellotti GM, Pearson DR. A case of VEXAS syndrome associated with EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2021 Nov 30;93:102636. doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2021.102636.

Hassan S, Fanola C, Beckman A, Li F, Nelson AC, Linden M, and Beckman JD. Adult Langerhans histiocytosis with rare BRAF mutation complicated by massive pulmonary embolism [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 25]. Thromb Res. 2020;193:207-210. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.044

Plummer RM, Beckman AK, Hupp MM, Courville EL, Williams SA, and Linden MA. Diagnostic utility of performing flow cytometry on provider-submitted endoscopically collected gastrointestinal samples. OBJD. 2020. 10 (1). doi:10.4236/ojbd.2020.101001

Walk EE,  Yohe SL, Beckman A, Schade A, Zutter MM, Pfeifer J, Berry AB; College of American Pathologists Personalized Health Care Committee. The Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarker Testing Landscape. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2020;144(6):706‐724.

Bio

Dr. Chauhan received an MBBS from Goa Medical College, India, and a MD Pathology from PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, New Delhi. She completed residency training in anatomic and clinical pathology in LMP, where she was chief resident. She also completed gastrointestinal and cytopathology fellowships in LMP. Chauhan was the recipient of the Kenneth F. Ernst Award in recognition of superior research in pathology by trainees: Best AP Project 2020.

Publications

Rabe K, Chauhan A, Holler J, Mettler T, Amin K, Stewart J 3rd. Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on cytology: specimen adequacy in fine-needle aspiration of palpable head and neck masses. J Am Soc Cytopathol. 2022 Jul-Aug;11(4):234-240. doi: 10.1016/j.jasc.2022.04.002. Epub 2022 Apr 19.

Maller, O., Drain, A.P., Barrett, A.S.,...Chauhan, A....Weaver V.M. Tumour-associated macrophages drive stromal cell-dependent collagen crosslinking and stiffening to promote breast cancer aggression. Nat. Mater. 20, 548–559 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-00849-5

Chauhan, A., Siegel, L., Freese, R., Racila, E., Stewart III, J., & Amin, K. Performance of Ventana SP263 PD-L1 assay in endobronchial ultrasound guided-fine-needle aspiration derived non-small-cell lung carcinoma samples. Diagnostic Cytopathology, 49(3), 355-362 (2021).

Chauhan, A., Sanchez-Avila, M., Manivel, J., Dachel, S., Larson, W., Hanson, B., & Mesa, H. Optimization of immunophenotypic panel to differentiate upper from lower gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: Analysis of new and traditional markers. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 29(1), 13-19 (2021).

Research Summary

Chauhan's research interests are in pancreatic adenocarcinoma variants and their molecular signatures and in optimizing cytology cell blocks in lung cancers for ancillary testing.

Bio

Significant progress has been made over the past two decades on the pathogenesis of individual neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as well as their distinct neurodegenerative processes. However, different neurodegenerative syndromes have been mainly studied mechanistically in isolation. There has been a lack of concerted effort to ascertain whether and how these pathogenic processes may be linked to one another. The Chen laboratory is interested in understanding the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, developing diagnostic markers and validating therapeutic targets. The laboratory uses an interdisciplinary approach involving Drosophila model, rodent model, iPS cells and postmortem human brain tissue to study the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in central nervous system.

Research Summary

Publications

Cho SM, Geocadin RG, Caturegli G, Chan V, White B, Dodd-O J, Kim B-O, Sussman M, Choi C-W, Whitman G, Chen LL. Understanding characteristics of acute brain injury in adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An autopsy study. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(6):e532-e536. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004289

Donde A, Sun M, Ling JP, Braunstein KE, Pang B, Wen X, Cheng X, Chen L and Wong PC. Splicing repression is a major function of TDP-43 in motor neurons. Acta Neuropathologica. 2019; 138 (11):813–826. doi: 10.1007/s00401-019-02042-8

Rodriguez F, Brosnan‐Cashman J, Allen S, Vizcaino MA, Giannini C, Camelo‐Piragua S, Webb M,Matsushita M, Wadhwani N, Tabbarah A, Hamideh D, Jiang L, Chen L, Arvanitis LD, Alnajar H, Barber J, Velasco AR, Orr B, Heaphy CM. Alternative lengthening of telomeres, ATRX loss and h3‐k27m mutations in histologically defined pilocytic astrocytoma with anaplasia. Brain Pathology. 2019. 29 (1):126-140..

Nie SK, Tan Y, Zhang Z, Chen G, Xiong J, Hu D, Ye K, Zhang Y, Cao X, Zhang ZH, Chen L. Bilateral implantation of shear stress modifier in ApoE knockout mouse induces cognitive impairment and tau abnormalities. Frontiers Aging Neuroscience. 2018. 10:303.

Nino DF, Zhou Q, Yamaguchi Y, Chen L, Guajardo A, Kannan S, Sodhi CP, Hackam D. Cognitive impairments induced by necrotizing enterocolitis can be prevented by inhibiting microglial activation in mouse brain. Science Translational Medicine. 2018. 10(471). pii:eaan0237 

Chen L. What triggers tauopathy in chronic traumatic encephalopathy? Neural Regeneration Research. 2018. 13(6): 985-986

Clinical Summary

Surgical Neuropathology; Molecular Pathology; Autopsy Neuropathology

Bio

Dr. Clark is a neuropathologist, Director of Neuropathology Services at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview, and a consulting neuropathologist at Hennepin County Medical Center and the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center. His research interests are in the neuropathological study of degenerative neurological diseases, most notably hereditary cerebellar ataxias and the central nervous system effects of myotonic dystrophy.

Bio

Dr. Cohn is Associate Director of Laboratories and Director of the Blood Bank Laboratory. She conducts research in the field of transfusion medicine. She focuses her efforts in two areas: patient blood management and platelet storage and utilization.Patient blood management applies evidence-based guidelines to limit unnecessary transfusions and maximize patient safety. Cohn uses technology and smart phone apps to gather data, which can help guide clinicians with transfusion decisions. To help foster a good transfusion culture, Cohn and her colleagues have developed overlapping databases that allow them to monitor every transfusion made in the hospital retrospectively and determine whether they were made within guidelines. Their interactive patient blood management system enables them to specifically target education efforts to where improvement is most needed. A significant drop in red blood cell usage has occurred coincident with the development of this monitoring program aimed at conserving transfusion resources and lowering costs. The interactive and collaborative program Cohn and her colleagues have developed can be tailored for use in small and large hospitals that want to develop a comprehensive patient blood management system. Other institutions have adopted the guidelines they have developed.Cohn is also interested in new platelet storage options, platelet utilization, and patient immunologic reactions to donor plasma. The University is one of the largest users of platelets in the nation because of the large number of umbilical cord stem cell transplants performed each year. Following FDA approval in 2009, platelets can now be stored in additive solutions in addition to donor plasma. Platelets stored in additive solutions are less frequently involved in transfusion reactions because donor plasma contains cytokines, allergens, and other molecules that can trigger these immunologic reactions. Some patients develop antibodies to class I HLA molecules on platelet surfaces and are refractory to conventional donor platelet transfusions. In her capacity as associate director of the HLA Laboratory, Cohn's group is investigating whether these patients can be identified in advance of transfusion.

Research Summary

Publications

• Pagano MB, Foroutan F, Goel R, Allen ES, Cushing MM, Garcia DA, Hopkins CK, Klein K, Raval JS, Cohn CS. Vitamin K antagonist reversal strategies: Systematic review and network meta-analysis from the AABB. Transfusion. 2022 Aug;62(8):1652-1661. doi: 10.1111/trf.17010.

• Johnson, LM, Gniadek TJ, Cohn CS, Bachowski G, Karger AB. A 43-year-old woman with unexplained elevation of hCG. Clin BIochem 2018 Mar 26 pii:S0009-9120(17)31253-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29588177
• Claudia Cohn, senior author on Critical Developments of 2017: A review of the literature from selected topics in transfusion. A committee report from the AABB’s Clinical Transfusion Medicine Committee, Transfusion, (DOI) - 10.1111/trf.14520. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/trf.14520/full
• Sackett K, Cohn CS, Fahey-Ahrndt K, Smith AR, Johnson AD.  Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia because of ABO major mismatched stem cell transplant. J Clin Apher. 2017 May 24. doi: 10.1002/jca.21553. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:28543448
• Johnson AD, Cohn CS.  Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply.  Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016 Oct; 29(4):749-57
• Dzik WS, Ziman A, Cohn CS, Pai M, Lozano M, Kaufman R, Delaney M, Selleng K, Murphy M, Hervig T, Yazer M for the BEST Collaborative. Survival following ultra-massive transfusion: a review of 1360 cases. Transfusion 2016 Mar; 56(3):558-63. 

Research Summary

Publications

• Lundgren MC, Sapkota S, Peterson DJ, and Crosson JT: The antinuclear antibody dense fine speckled pattern and possible clinical associations: An indication of a proinflammatory microenvironment. Journal of Immunologic Methods, Jan. 2021. 488: 112904.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2020.112904.
• Karion WJ, Naides SJ, Crosson JT, Ansari MQ: Variability in testingfor antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: A survey of participantsin the College of American Pathologists proficiency testing program.
  Arch Pathol Lab Med 140, 524-528, 2016.
• Lan, Xiqian; Rai, Partab; Chandel, Nirupama; Cheng, Kang; Lederman, Rivka; Saleem, Moin Ahson; Mathieson, Peter W.; Husain, Mohammad; Crosson, John T.; Gupta, Kalpna; Malhotra, Ashwani; Singhal, Pravin C. Morphine Induces Albuminuria by Compromising Podocyte Integrity. PLoS ONE 8(3); 2013

Bio

Dr. Czyzyk is a physician-scientist with clinical expertise in the native and transplant kidney disease and basic research interests in autoimmune diseases with emphasis on Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in recent years. Although T1D has been traditionally considered a pediatric disease, this condition can affect older individuals too, including patients over 35 years of age who develop detectable autoimmunity against pancreatic islets and relatively rapid progression to insulin dependence [latent autoimmune diabetes in adults or LADA]. Regular insulin therapy or islet transplant in certain situations are the only treatments currently available for these patients.T1D is characterized by inflammatory destruction of small clusters of insulin producing cells called the islets of Langerhans. Czyzyk and his colleagues study how both normal function of the islets and their inflammation are regulated by islet sensing signals that are generated in the surrounding exocrine tissue - a process they believe is regulated by proteases. Czyzyk is particularly interested in how the balance between proteases and inhibitors of proteases called serpins affect inflammation and tissue regeneration of pancreatic islet cells. Studies in Czyzyk's laboratory suggest that an immune response to the serpin B13 protease inhibitor and the consequent increase in protease activity is unique in that it is protective during the destruction of pancreatic islets. Protocols that enhance protease activity regulated by serpin B13 may be beneficial to diabetic patients by both suppressing islet inflammation associated with autoimmunity and by promoting regeneration of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets. One such protocol involves a specific autoantibody Czyzyk's team has discovered that could serve as a protective biomarker. The molecule suppresses serpin B13 thereby allowing higher levels of cathepsin proteases that afford a level of protection for pancreatic islets. The autoantibody's mechanism of action is thought to involve protease-mediated cleavage of adhesion molecules in the extracellular matrix as well as Notch signaling, which affects endocrine cellular differentiation. Once the precise mechanism is known, Czyzyk will attempt to engineer endocrine-positive pancreatic progenitor cells, which differentiate into pancreatic islet alpha or beta cells, to become active beta cells that produce insulin. In their renal studies, Czyzyk and colleagues have focused on serum response factor (SRF) and podocytes, highly specialized cells of the kidney glomerulus that help regulate glomerular filtration. SRF is a master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Transcriptomic studies have shown that altered SRF expression may play a role in human kidney disease. The researchers found that SRF and two of its co-factors are vital for maintaining the structure and function of podocytes. Cultured podocytes with reduced SRF expression exhibit defects in the actin cytoskeleton and dysregulated expression of the MKL1 and MKL2 genes and perhaps others necessary for a functional actin cytoskeleton. Such defects disrupt podocyte structural development and normal renal function. Ongoing research is aimed at revealing target genes essential for podocyte homeostasis.

Research Summary

Publications

Kryvalap Y., Jiang M. L., Kryvalap N, Hendrickson C. and Czyzyk J.  SerpinB13 antibodies promote b-cell development and resistance to type 1 diabetes. Science Translational Medicine 13: eabf1587, 2021.

Lo C.-W., Kryvalap Y., Sheu T.-J., Chang C.-H. and Czyzyk J.  Cellular proliferation in mouse and human pancreatic islets is regulated by serpin B13 inhibition and downstream targeting of E-cadherin by cathepsin L. Diabetologia 62: 822-834, 2019.

Kryvalap Y., Chi-Wen Lo, Manuylova K., Baldizhar R, Salazar S., Okroj D., Jospe N., and Czyzyk J.  Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group. Antibody response to serpin B13 induces regeneration in mouse pancreatic islets and slows down the decline in the residual beta-cell function in children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 291: 266-278, 2016.

Baldzizhar R., Fedorchuk C., Jha M., Henegariu O. and Czyzyk J.   Anti-serpin antibody-mediated regulation of proteases in autoimmune diabetes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 288: 1612-1619, 2013.

Research Summary

Dr. Dehm is a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics.  His research laboratory focuses on the role of the androgen receptor (AR) and alterations in AR signaling in prostate cancer development and progression. As they develop, nearly all metastatic prostate cancers remain dependent on androgens--male hormones of which testosterone is best known. Following treatment targeting the AR including anti-androgen drug therapies and surgical castration to prevent androgen production, patients typically develop resistance. Dehm studies the changes that occur in the AR in response to these drug therapies to understand the mechanisms underlying the progression to therapy-resistant disease. His work has revealed new ways in which cancer cells can re-activate the androgen/AR pathway. If these mechanisms are better understood, new AR-targeted therapies could be developed that suppress prostate cancer growth more effectively with more durable remissions.Dr. Dehm's research team employs a variety of genomic engineering, molecular biology, and biochemistry tools to home in on the regulatory behavior of the AR and the signals it uses to promote resistance. These tools are used to analyze clinical tissues, prostate cancer cell lines, models in which patient-derived tumor tissue is grown in mice (xenografts), and fresh surgical tissue that is propagated in the laboratory as explants. Dehm and his colleagues have found that altered protein forms of the AR, termed AR variants, can be synthesized in resistant tumors. These AR variants are missing the site of the protein responsible for binding to androgens, which is the same site to which anti-androgens bind. However, these AR variants retain all other parts of the protein that are required for binding to DNA and activation of transcription. Therefore, these AR variants are able to carry out most of the functions of the AR protein, but in a way that no longer require androgens and is completely insensitive to anti-androgens. Dehm and his co-investigators are now focused on understanding how these AR variants are regulated, with the ultimate goal of finding ways to inhibit them.Transcription factors like AR variants are challenging drug targets because key binding events occur via protein:DNA or protein:protein interfaces rather than through the lock-and-key mechanism of androgen binding to the AR, which medicinal chemists can more readily exploit. However, Dehm notes that recent advances in small-molecule design and peptide chemistry have overcome some of these challenges, and could potentially be applied to AR variants. Ultimately, identifying and targeting key processes required for AR variants to remain active in prostate cancer cells could provide an avenue to overcome the challenge of therapeutic resistance in patients.

Publications

Daniel M, Knutson TP, Sperger JM, Li Y, Singh A, Stahlfeld CN, Passow C, Auch B, Lang JM, Dehm SM. AR gene rearrangement analysis in liquid biopsies reveals heterogeneity in lethal prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2021 Aug 11;28(9):645-655. doi: 10.1530/ERC-21-0157.

Li Y, Yang, R, Henzler C, Ho Y, Passow C, Auch B, Carreira S, Rodrigues DN, Bertan C, Hwang TH, Quigley DA, Dang HX, Morrissey C, Fraser M, Plymate SR, Maher CA, Feng FY, De Bono J, Dehm SM. Diverse AR Gene Rearrangements Mediate Resistance to Androgen Receptor Inhibitors in Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 26(8):1965-1976, 2020.

Yang R, Van Etten JL, and Dehm SM. Indel detection from DNA and RNA sequencing data with transIndel. BMC Genomics, 2018; 19(1):270. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-4671-4..

Zadra G, Ribeiro CF, Chetta P, Ho Y, Cacciatore S, Gao X, Syamala S, Bango C, Photopoulos C, Huang Y, Tyekucheva S, Bastos DC, Tchaicha J, Lawney B, Uo T, D'Anello L, Csibi A, Kalekar R, Larimer B, Ellis L, Butler LM, Morrissey C, McGovern K, Palombella VJ, Kutok JL, Mahmood U, Bosari S, Adams J, Peluso S, Dehm SM, Plymate SR, Loda M. Inhibition of de-novo lipogenesis targets androgen receptor signaling in castration resistant prostate cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 116: 631-640, 2019.

Research Summary

Dr. Ding's research interests are in the development of organoid-based models for the study of neuroendocrine tumors and targeted drug therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinomas.

• Renal histology and pathology
• Neuroendocrine cancer

Publications

Lee HJ, Donati A, Feliers D, Sun Y, Ding Y, Madesh M, Salmon AB, Ikeno Y, Ross C, O'Connor CL, Ju W. Chloride channel accessory 1 integrates chloride channel activity and mTORC1 in aging‐related kidney injury. Aging Cell. 2021 Jun 12:e13407.

Agarwal AN, Shieh WJ, Goldsmith CS, Qvarnstrom Y, Ding Y, Dallas SD, Mais DD. The brief case: Disseminated microsporidiosis with intestinal cryptosporidium coinfection in a patient with Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Castleman Disease presenting with acute kidney injury. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2021 May 19;59(6):e02335-20.

Armaiz-Pena, G., Flores, S. K., Cheng, Z.M. ... Ding, Y, Dahia, P. Genotype-phenotype features of germline variants of the TMEM127 pheochromocytoma susceptibility gene: A 10-Year Update. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2021 Jan;106(1):e350-64.

Kincaide E, Hitchman K, Hall R, Yamaguchi I, Ding Y, Crowther B. Impact of active antibody‐ mediated rejection treatment on donor‐specific antibodies in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation. 2019 Dec;23(8):e13590.

Bio

Dr. Dolan is a clinical cytogeneticist, associate director of the Cytogenetics Laboratory, and a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics. She currently collaborates in research projects with colleagues in areas as diverse as surgical pathology, hematopathology, oncology and bone marrow transplantation, and oral pathology. She has ongoing collaborations with Dr. Celalettin Ustun in the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation exploring the impact of cytogenetic findings on hematopoietic stem cell transplant outcomes. These projects have investigated the role of classical (G-banding) and molecular cytogenetics (fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH) in assessing the level of disease burden before bone marrow or stem cell transplantation.In another collaboration with Drs. Ustun, Michael Linden (Laboratory Medicine and Pathology) and others in the United States and internationally, Dolan is exploring the role of mast cells in core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemias. Dolan is also working with Dr. Ustun and Drs. Linden, Sophia Yohe and Elizabeth Courville (Laboratory Medicine and Pathology) on a project to determine if residual disease at the time of transplant, as assessed by cytogenetic and other methods, impacts outcomes of various types of pre-transplant conditioning regimens.Dolan is also collaborating with Dr. Aleksandr Lazaryan and colleagues in the Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation in a study to determine the prognostic significance of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in complete remission.Dolan is a co-investigator with Dr. Ioannis Koutlas and others in the Department of Oral Pathology in studies designed to determine whether the PLAG1 gene is rearranged in entities other than pleomorphic adenomas arising in salivary glands. She is also working with a colleague at Vanderbilt University on an immunohistochemical and FISH study of Ewing sarcoma and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors.

Publications

• Naumchik B, Weigel BJ, Murati MA, Rudzinski E, Paulson V, Lockwood CM, Dolan M, Flanagan S, Luquette M. Congenital infantile fibrosarcoma involving pelvic wall and thigh soft tissues and placenta, presenting with coagulopathy. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2022 Jul 14:10935266221114017. doi: 10.1177/10935266221114017.
• Han SY, Mrózek K, Voutsinas J, Wu Q, Morgan EA, Vestergaard H, Ohgami R, Kluin PM, Kristensen TK, Pullarkat S, Møller MB, Schiefer AI, Baughn LB, Kim Y, Czuchlewski D, Hilberink JR, Horny HP, George TI, Dolan M, Ku NK, Arana Yi C, Pullarkat V, Kohlschmidt J, Salhotra A, Soma L, Bloomfield CD, Chen D, Sperr WR, Marcucci G, Cho C, Akin C, Gotlib J, Broesby-Olsen S, Larson M, Linden MA, Deeg HJ, Hoermann G, Perales MA, Hornick JL, Litzow MR, Nakamura R, Weisdorf D, Borthakur G, Huls G, Valent P, Ustun C, Yeung CCS. Secondary cytogenetic abnormalities in core-binding factor AML harboring inv(16) vs t(8;21). Blood Adv. 2021 May 25;5(10):2481-2489. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003605.
• Erickson BE, Najjar O, Damast S, Blakaj A, Tymon-Rosario J, Shahi M, Santin A, Klein M, Dolan M, Cimino-Mathews A, Buza N, Ferriss JS, Stone RL, Khalifa M, and Fader AN. Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in early stage uterine serous carcinoma: A multi-institutional cohort study. Gynecologic Oncology, 2020; 159 (1): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.07.016.
• Ustun, C., Morgan, E.A., Ritz, E.M., Vestergaard, H., Pullarkat, S., Kluin, P.M., Ohgami, R., Baughn, L.B., Kim, Y., Ku, N.K., Czuchlewski, D., Boe Møller, M., Schiefer, A.‐I., Mrózek, K., Horny, H.‐P., George, T.I., Kielsgaard Kristensen, T., Beck, T., Nathan, S., Arana Yi, C., Yeung, C., Pullarkat, V., Gotlib, J., Akin, C., Kohlschmidt, J., Salhotra, A., Soma, L., Chen, D., Han, S.Y., Cho, C., Sperr, W., Broesby‐Olsen, S., Linden, M.A., Dolan, M., Hoermann, G., Hornick, J.L., Bloomfield, C., Nakamura, R., Joachim Deeg, H., Litzow, M.R., Borthakur, G., Weisdorf, D., Huls, G., Perales, M.‐A., Valent, P. and Marcucci, G. Core‐binding factor acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16): Older age and high white blood cell count are risk factors for treatment failure. Int J Lab Hematol., 2020. doi:10.1111/ijlh.13338.
• Gilles SR, Yohe SL, Linden MA, Dolan M, Hirsch B, Grzywacz B. CD161 Is expressed in a subset of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cases and Is useful for disease follow-up.Am J Clin Pathol. 2019 Sep 9;152(4):471-478. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz060.

Research Summary

Dr. Eckfeldt is a faculty investigator in the Advanced Research and Diagnostics Laboratory (ARDL), which provides central laboratory testing services for large, NIH-funded multi-center clinical trials. Through numerous national studies he has established himself as a leading researcher in the area of cardiovascular disease epidemiology, particularly the role lipids and other biomarkers play in cardiovascular diseases. Eckfeldt was principal laboratory investigator for the Hispanic Community Health Study, an NIH-funded multicenter epidemiologic study of U.S. Hispanic/Latino populations, and is the PI for the ancillary Hispanic Community Children's Health Study / Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth), a multicenter study of Hispanic/Latino children living in the U.S. The SOL Youth study is designed to disclose the prevalence and distribution of obesity-promoting lifestyle behaviors, cardio-metabolic risk profiles, and novel biomarkers associated with obesity and insulin resistance.

In recent years Eckfeldt has focused mainly on kidney disease. He is a co-investigator with the Chronic Kidney Disease Biomarkers Consortium (CKD-BioCon). CKD-BioCON is a longitudinal study involving multiple universities with NIH’s National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases that seeks to discover, develop, validate and qualify biomarkers based on biosamples from well-characterized CKD patients. He also serves as co-PI for the Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes (PERL) consortium. The consortium has undertaken a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol in preventing kidney function loss in individuals with type 1 diabetes. In addition, Eckfeldt is a co-investigator and the central laboratory director in the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI). In this capacity he tests protein biomarkers such as cystatin C, an important marker for measuring the glomerular filtration rate, which indicates how well the kidneys are working.

Dr. Eckfeldt has long had an interest in assuring the reliability and long-term stability of assay results in large-scale epidemiological observational and interventional research studies. In addition he has sought to further the standardization and harmonization of clinical laboratories and inter-laboratory comparability through committee work at the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and working group participation at the International Standards Organization (ISO).

Publications

PubMed

• Chen N, Shi H, Zhang L, Zuo L, Xie J, Xie D, Karger AB, Miao S, Ren H, Zhang W, Wang W, Pan Y, Minji W, Sui Z, Okparavero A, Simon A, Chaudhari J, Eckfeldt JH, Inker LA, Levey AS. GFR Estimation Using a Panel of Filtration Markers in Shanghai and Beijing. Kidney Med. 2020;2(2):172-180. Published 2020 Jan 31. doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2019.11.004.
• Seegmiller JC, Eckfeldt JH, Lieske JC. Challenges in Measuring Glomerular Filtration Rate: A Clinical Laboratory Perspective. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018 Jan;25(1):84-92. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2017.10.006
• Schwartz GJ, Wang H, Erway B, Nordin G, Seegmiller J, Lieske JX, Bäck S-E, Miller WG, Eckfeldt JH. Multicenter Laboratory Comparison of Iohexol Measurement. The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine Mar 2018, 2 (5) 711-724; DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024240 http://jalm.aaccjnls.org/content/2/5/711
• Karger AB, Inker LA, Coresh J, Levey AS, Eckfeldt JH. Novel Filtration Markers for GFR Estimation. EJIFCC 2017 Dec 19:28(4):277-288.eCollection 2017 Dec. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29333147
• Eckfeldt JH, Karger AB, Miller WG, Rynders GP, Inker LA. Performance in measurement of serum cystatin C by laboratories participating in the college of american pathologists 2014 CYS survey. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015;139:888-893.

Research Summary

Dr. Ellis focuses on developing bioinformatics tools that support the work of life science colleagues. With biochemist Larry Wackett, Dr. Ellis has developed an innovative microbial biotechnology database on the World Wide Web: The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database.

Publications

• Ellis LBM, Wackett LP. (2012) Use of the University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/ Biodegradation Database for Study of Microbial Degradation. Microbial Informatics and Experiment, 2: 1 (4 January 2012).
• Fenner K, Gao J, Kramer S, Ellis L, Wackett L. (2008) "Data Mining to Limit Combinatorial Explosion in Biodegradation Pathway Prediction." Bioinformatics, 24: 2079 - 2085.
• Gao J, Ellis LBM, Wackett LP. (2010) "The University of Minnesota Biocatalyisis/Biodegradation Database: improving public access." Nucleic Acids Research; 38: D488-D491.
• Wicker J, Fenner K, Ellis L, Wackett L, Kramer S (2010) "Predicting Biodegradation Products and Pathways: A Hybrid Knowledge-Based and Machine Learning Based Approach." Bioinformatics. 26: 814 - 821.
• Gao J, Ellis LBM, Wackett LP. (2011) "The University of Minnesota Pathway Prediction System: multi-level predictions and visualization." Nucleic Acids Research; 38: D488-D491.

Research Summary

Dr. Farrar holds the Virginia and David Utz Land Grant Chair in Fundamental Immunology, is a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, and is a member of the Center for Immunology.  His research is focused in three broad areas: B-cell development in the bone marrow and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the developmental pathway of T regulatory cells, and cancer immunotherapy.Farrar and his colleagues made a transgenic mouse that expresses a weakly constitutively active form of a transcription factor called STAT5b in B cells and T cells. During B-cell development in these mice they observed an expansion of B-cell progenitors. Some of these mice would develop B-cell ALL. Farrar and a colleague who studies the B-cell adapter protein BLNK that links the pre-B cell receptor to downstream signaling cascades found that nearly all transgenic mice with weakly expressed STAT5b and lacking BLNK developed B-cell ALL. The combination of crossbreeding experiments with transgenic STAT5b mice and the Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis system enabled Farrar's team to identify through crossing studies a number of key genes downstream of BLNK (BTK, protein kinase C beta, NF-?B) that cooperate with STAT5b. Key among these downstream genes is the zinc finger transcription factor Ikaros, a regulator of the earliest stage of B cell development. Farrar and his colleagues found that STAT5b and Ikaros, though separate signaling pathways, bind to the same sets of genes in mice. Subsequent analysis of activation ratios for the STAT5b and Ikaros pathways in human clinical specimens of ALL showed a correlation with patient survival and remission duration following treatment, demonstrating their potential clinical importance. Farrar's STAT5b transgenic mice also show a major expansion of CD4-positive and FoxP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs), which provided the basis for a second research thrust. FoxP3 is a major transcription factor for the development of Tregs. In a major study Farrar and two of his colleagues demonstrated that the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor signaling specifically through STAT5 was critical for the development of Tregs by binding to the FoxP3 gene. In a follow-up study Farrar working with another collaborator proposed a two-step model for Treg development: a strong signal through the T-cell receptor (TCR) produces Treg progenitors with high expression of cell-surface IL-2 receptors; IL-2 signals then drive the conversion of the Treg progenitors into mature Tregs. The way a progenitor cell knows that its got a strong TCR signal is that it is linked to a series of cell-surface tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) members that prime the cell to be sensitive to IL-2. The tighter the TNFRSF linkage and thus IL-2 sensitivity, the greater the likelihood of the progenitor cell becoming a Treg. Tregs are focused on high-affinity self-antigens like insulin and in that capacity help to prevent autoimmune reactions like diabetes. A third focus of Farrar's research, one that bridges the two described above, is cancer immunotherapy. His team is tracking how the immune system responds to tumor antigens in leukemia, specifically ALL with the BCR-ABL fusion gene. With the working hypothesis that the BCR-ABL fusion gene produces a peptide that the immune system does not recognize and could serve as a rejection antigen, Farrar's laboratory set out to develop a tool to track the immune response to BCR-ABL. In this effort he collaborated with Marc Jenkins in Microbiology who has developed MHC class II tetramers. These tetramers allow tracking of T cells specific for one MHC peptide complex. By tetramerizing the BCR-ABL peptide, they found that there are a small number T cells in mice that can recognize the peptide encoded by the fusion of BCR to ABL.. Injecting leukemia cells into these mice produces a Treg expansion, which serves to suppress any immune response. Farrar and his colleagues are employing a vaccination strategy to see whether it is possible to boost the immune response and prolong survival in mice and ultimately in humans following chemotherapy.

Publications

• Lee RD, Knutson TP, Munro SA, Miller JT, Heltemes-Harris LM, Mullighan CG, Jepsen K, Farrar MA. Nuclear corepressors NCOR1/NCOR2 regulate B cell development, maintain genomic integrity and prevent transformation. Nat Immunol. 2022 Dec;23(12):1763-1776. doi: 10.1038/s41590-022-01343-7.

• Tracy SI, Venkatesh H, Hekim C, Heltemes Harris LM, Knutson TP, Bachanova V, Farrar MA. Combining nilotinib and PD-L1 blockade reverses CD4+ T-cell dysfunction and prevents relapse in acute B-cell leukemia. Blood. 2022 Mar 11.

• Irey EA, Lassiter CM, Brady NJ, Chuntova P, Wang Y, Knutson TP, Henzler C, Chaffee TS, Vogel RI, Nelson AC, Farrar MA, Schwertfeger KL. JAK/STAT inhibition in macrophages promotes therapeutic resistance by inducing expression of protumorigenic factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 May 30. pii: 201816410. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1816410116. 
• Liu B, Salgado OC, Singh S, Hippen KL, Maynard JC, Burlingame AL, Ball LE, Blazar BR, Farrar MA, Hogquist KA, Ruan HB. The lineage stability and suppressive program of regulatory T cells require protein O-GlcNAcylation. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):354. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08300-3.

Bio

Dr. Patricia Ferrieri's laboratory is focused on the pathogenesis of infections with group B streptococci (GBS) and host immunity to streptococcal antigens. These investigations have included the epidemiology of maternal and neonatal colonization and infection with GBS, animal models of neonatal sepsis and meningitis, isolation and biochemical and immunological characterization of key antigens of group B streptococci, and human and animal immune responses to these antigens, including the role of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in protection against infection. Her laboratory has cloned the gene for a key surface localized protein (glutamine synthetase) of GBS into E. coli , and has used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and nucleotide sequencing and amino acid sequencing of this GBS protein to enhance the research.

Research Summary

In recent years, Ferrieri has focused her research principally on group B Streptococcus, antigens involved in immunity, and vaccine development aimed at prevention of group B Streptococcus infection in newborns. Group B strep, which babies can acquire as they pass through the maternal birth canal, puts them at risk for sepsis and meningitis and can be fatal. Ferrieri's research group collaborated in a five-year, NIH funded study with colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh and Baylor College of Medicine that involved giving experimental group B strep vaccine to non-pregnant women. Her laboratory was responsible for molecular characterization of the group B strep strains of study subjects in advance of their receiving the vaccine and then at specific intervals during the course of the study. Results from the study suggest that the vaccine prevented study subjects from acquiring the type of group B strep that was present in the vaccine. Non-pregnant women who received placebo were less protected. Ferrieri and her colleagues are now correlating the results from antibody analysis with the results of from the molecular analysis of the different group B strep strains. One of the questions the study can help answer is whether bacterial colonization or vaccine-produced antibodies is the primary endpoint for optimal protection. The study could have a major impact for maternal and infant public health globally as well as for the elderly, diabetics, and other populations at risk for group B strep infection. Since the 1990s pregnant women in the U.S. have been tested for group B strep, typically at 35-37 weeks of gestation. Ferrieri introduced a molecular PCR-based assay in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, which is now used to test pregnant women in the later stages of pregnancy. The test is more sensitive that the standard group B strep culture for detecting infection.Ferrieri's laboratory is also studying Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and its role in causing otitis media, an infection of the middle ear that can lead to hearing loss in affected children. In an NIH-R01 funded collaboration with colleagues at the U of MN and the University of Alabama in Birmingham, Ferrieri has been investigating protective protein antigens from pneumococcus in otitis media found in the chinchilla, whose ear anatomy mimics closely that of the human ear. The research is designed to contribute to the goal of developing a vaccine that would prevent middle-ear and other pneumococcal infections in young children. Ferrieri and her collaborators are working to extend their findings at the molecular level to shed light on the individual protein-antigen components that could serve as the basis for a universally protective vaccine. Current vaccines can prevent otitis media and other pneumococcus-cased conditions in only about one-fourth of children who receive them. Ferrieri has a career-long view that protein antigens are critical for establishing immunity against various encapsulated bacteria – bacteria that have a polysaccharide coating. Vaccine designs that conjugate polysaccharide antigens with protein antigens may elicit a superior immune response, chiefly through memory B cells.In a controlled trial involving an investigational pneumococcal vaccine and placebo, investigators including Ferrieri (the PI) looked at the immune response in pregnant women both before and after they had given birth, as well as the immune response in their newborns. The newborns from mothers who had received the vaccine while pregnant actually had lower antibody levels than babies born to the mothers who had received placebo, which raises the issue of fetal immune tolerance during pregnancy.In the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Ferrieri's team is developing, validating and introducing cutting-edge molecular diagnostic assays to permit rapid detection of pathogens for both in-patients and out-patients of all age groups, leading to improved treatment. New molecular platforms Ferrieri has introduced into the laboratory, in addition to the group B strep PCR assay, performed late in pregnancy, include MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, which allows rapid identification of bacteria of various complexity as well as yeast and fungi, with a major impact on patient care. Another highly sophisticated test with an impact on patient care and hospital length-of-stays is a nucleic acid microarray assay. The test can be used directly on positive blood cultures of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, with 95-100 percent sensitivity and specificity and with results available in a few hours.

Publications

• Shabayek S, Ferrieri P, Spellerberg B. Group B streptococcal colonization in African countries: Prevalence, capsular serotypes, and molecular sequence types. Pathogens. 2021 Dec 10;10(12):1606. doi: 10.3390/pathogens10121606.
• Arries C, Ferrieri P. Mobiluncus curtisii bacteremia: Case study and literature review. Infect Dis Rep. 2022 Jan 14;14(1):82-87. doi: 10.3390/idr14010009.
• Martinez RJ, Pankratz N, Schomaker M, Daniel J, Beckman K, Karger AB, Thyagarajan BT, Ferreri P, Yohe SL, Nelson AC. Prediction of false positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular results in a high-throughput open platform system. J Mol Diagn. 2021 Jun 8:S1525-1578(21)00166-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.05.015
• Ferrieri P, Thonen-Kerr E, Nelson K., Arbefeville S. Prospective evaluation of Xpert® Xpress strep A automated PCR assay vs. Solana® group A streptococcal nucleic acid amplification testing vs. conventional throat culture. Curr Microbiol (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-021-0254
• Thomas SN, Altawallbeh G, Zaun CP, Pape KA, Peters JM, Titcombe PJ, Dileepan T, Rapp MJ, Bold TD, Schacker TW, Arbefeville S, Ferrieri P, Thyagarajan B, Jenkins MK, Karger AB. Initial determination of COVID-19 seroprevalence among outpatients and healthcare workers in Minnesota using a novel SARS-CoV-2 total antibody ELISA. Clin Biochem. 2021 Feb 1:S0009-9120(21)00027-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.01.010.
• Arbefeville S, Ferrieri P. Role of multiplex molecular diagnosis for acute gastroenteritis. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2020. 22 (9). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-020-0718-1
• Hillier SL, Ferrieri P, Edwards MS, Ewell M, Ferris D, Fine P, Carey V, Meyn L, Hoagland D, Kasper DL, Paoletti LC, Hill H, Baker CJ. A phase II randomized, control trial of group B streptococcus (GBS) type III capsular polysaccharide -tetanus toxoid (GBS III-TT) vaccine to prevent vaginal colonization with GBS III. Clin Infect Dis. 2018 Oct 3. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy838.

Bio

Leo T. Furcht is Allen-Pardee Professor and Head of the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology at the University of Minnesota and a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics. He served as Chairman of the Board of Directors for University of Minnesota Physicians, the Medical School practice plan with approximately 700 physicians, from 2004-2014. For a three-year period in the 90's he served as Vice Provost for Research of the University of Minnesota Health Sciences and established a research services organization to provide turnkey solutions for faculty and companies to facilitate clinical trials. Furcht served as the President of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) a biomedical research advocacy organization with over 125,000 members and 23 constituent societies from 2006-2007. Prior to this he served as Vice President for Science Policy and led a FASEB program on conflict of interest in biomedical research. Furcht was also founding director of the Biomedical Engineering Center and led early efforts focused on biomedical MEMS, stem cells and molecular diagnostics. He was also founding director MD/ PhD program at the University of Minnesota and was principal investigator of the initial grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Medical Scientist Training Program for the MD/PhD program. He played the lead role in establishing a highly regarded Center for Immunology at the University of Minnesota. Early in his career Furcht received a Research Career Development Award from the NIH and later a NCI Merit award.Furcht served on two American Association of Medical Colleges / American Association of Universities Task Forces working on issues surrounding academia industry interactions and issues regarding medical education and clinical research. He has testified in Congressional hearings on NIH budget re-authorization, before Institute of Medicine committees on scientific issues including embryonic stem cell research and a Presidential commission on the dual use of biological organisms. Furcht has published more than 175 scientific papers and holds more than 30 patents in the fields of polypeptides, biomaterials, and adult stem cells. He was profiled in the Medical School's Impact Medicine campaign under the title "Dr. Leo Furcht Creates a Legacy Many Aspire to Achieve."

Research Summary

Research Summary/Interests

• tumor cell behavior and metastasis
• extracellular matrix proteins and receptors
• stem cells
• biotechnology

Publications

• Hoffman, W. and Furcht, L. Divergence, convergence, and innovation: East-West bioscience in an anxious age.Asian Biotechnology and Development Review 16 (3): 3-23, 2014.
• Hoffman, W. and Furcht, L.T. The Biologist’s Imagination: Innovation in the Biosciences (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
• Furcht, L.T., and Hoffman, W. The Stem Cell Dilemma, second edition (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2011).
• DeLarco, J.E., Park, C.A., Dronava, H., Furcht, L.T. Cancer Biol. Ther. 9(5):362-70, 2010.
• Furcht, L.T., and Hoffman, W. Stem Cells. Minnesota Health Care News, 7(3), March 2009.
• Furcht, L.T., and Hoffman, W. The Stem Cell Dilemma (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2008).
• Furcht, L.T. and Wolinetz, C.D. What cures will we miss? The effects of reduced funding for biomedical research. Minnesota Physician, XXI (5), August 2007.
• Brockway LM. and Furcht, L.T. Financial disclosure policies of scientific publications. [Comment letter]. JAMA, 296(4): 2925-6: author reply 2926, 2006.

For a full list of Dr. Furcht's publications, Search PubMed.

Clinical Summary

Specialties

• Cell adhesion molecules and tumor metastasis

Research Summary

Dr. Gatewood has been instrumental in establishing the University of Minnesota as a leader in health informatics. She and her colleagues have produced cutting-edge research and developed innovative technologies in the fields of micropopulation simulation modeling, clinical decision-making and laboratory information systems, and microbial biotechnology databases. Gatewood was key in establishing the National Micropopulation Simulation Resource, a pioneering individual-based modeling resource for epidemiology. Over the years she has worked with informatics colleagues and doctoral students to develop simulation programs for modeling genetic, chronic, and infectious diseases, neural networks, and social networks.

Publications

• Gatewood L, Limburg M, Gardner R, Haux R, Jaspers M, Schmidt D, Wetter T. International Master Classes in Health Informatics. Int J Med Inf. 2004;73(2):111-6.
• Park HA, Peterson D, Gatewood L. Using stochastic simulation to model vaccine effectiveness. J Korean Soc Med Inform 1997;3(2):201-6.
• Zhuo Z, Ackerman E, Gatewood L. An expert system for simulation of coronary heart disease risk factor interventions. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care. 1991;674-8.

Bio

Dr. Giubellino is an anatomic pathologist and dermatopathologist whose current research is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways in melanoma with the goal of developing predictive biomarkers and combination therapies for the disease. He employs molecular and cellular techniques and immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples to bridge basic science and clinical medicine.Giubellino's research in Italy and at the National Cancer institute laid the foundation for his current studies of melanoma. With his colleagues, he investigated c-Met, a tyrosine-kinase receptor protein encoded by the MET gene. When bound by its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met activates a wide range of cellular signaling pathways including those important in cellular proliferation, motility, migration, and tissue development and invasion. Giubellino's chief interest is the growing evidence of c-Met's role in cancer metastasis, which can turn early-stage noninvasive in situ melanoma into a deadly disease. Although none has received FDA approval, c-Met inhibitors hold promise for arresting advanced metastasis and also minimal residual disease in which small numbers of melanoma cells with metastatic potential remain dormant in the patient following treatment. Melanoma is very complex disease with multiple chromosomal and genetic aberrations and a cascade of cell-signaling pathways. Giubellino is developing a research program designed to identify key molecules and pathways responsible for melanoma metastasis, use the data to subclassify the disease and stratify patients, and target and disrupt metastatic networks with small-molecule drugs. He and fellow researchers have investigated the effect of c-Met kinase receptor on downstream effectors such as Grb2 and adaptors proteins, signal transduction molecules that may serve as targets for small-molecule drug disruption of the signaling network. Giubellino's ultimate goal is to combine classical protein kinase receptor-targeted drug therapy with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, which received FDA approval for metastatic melanoma in 2011. Molecular and cellular studies, animal testing, and human trials will determine whether the combination strategy Giubellino plans to undertake provides a therapeutic synergy that is superior to targeted therapy or immunotherapy alone. Giubellino's basic research investigation of metastatic melanoma networks dovetails with his clinical studies of patient samples. Results from immunohistochemical staining of tissue specimens can be correlated with results from molecular and genetic analysis, giving the dermatopathologist a more complete picture of the disease. Giubellino thinks this comprehensive approach will reveal predictive biomarkers in metastatic melanoma that can indicate whether and how a patient will respond to specific therapies, a key goal of personalized medicine.

Research Summary

Publications

Journal articles

• Song KY, Desar S, Pengo T, Shanley R, Giubellino A. Correlation of MET and PD-L1 expression in malignant melanoma. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(7):E1847. Published 2020 Jul 9.
• Kwon D, Ronen S, Giubellino A, et al. Cutaneous adnexal carcinosarcoma: immunohistochemical and molecular evidence of epithelial mesenchymal transition [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 21]. J Cutan Pathol. 2020
• Zhou Y, Song KY, Giubellino A. The Role of MET in melanoma and melanocytic lesions. Am J Pathol. 2019 Nov;189(11):2138-2148.
• Santiago V, Cartwright D, Khoshnoodi P, Klein M, Giubellino A. A Case of tumor of follicular infundibulum involving the vulva. Case Rep Pathol. 2019 Jan 28;2019:4606493. doi: 10.1155/2019/4606493. 
• Domingo-Musibay E, Murugan P, Giubellino A, Sharma S, Steinberger D, Yuan J, Hunt MA, Lou E, Miller JS.  Near complete response to Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-stable metastatic sebaceous carcinoma.
  J Immunother Cancer. 2018 Jun 19;6(1):58. doi: 10.1186/s40425-018-0357-3.

Book chapters

• Elgart GW, Giubellino A – Acanthomas chapter – WHO / IARC Classification of Tumours – Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours, 4^th Edition (in preparation – scheduled for publication in 2018)

Bio

Dr. Greenwood is an anatomic and clinical pathologist.  Previously he was assistant director of the HLA and Transplant Immunology Laboratory in the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital.

Greenwood's areas of research interest include testing related to HLA and transplant immunology as well as pathology informatics.

Research Summary

Publications

Christensen PA, Ni Y, Bao F, Hendrickson HL, Greenwood M, Thomas JS, Long SW, Olsen RJ. Houston Methodist Variant Viewer: An Application to Support Clinical Laboratory Interpretation of Next-generation Sequencing Data for Cancer. J Pathol Inform. 2017; 8:44.

Greenwood MP, Hairston FJ, Schwartz MR, Pepper K, Hendrickson H, Suri A, Coffey D, Deavers M, Olsen RJ, Thomas JS. Omental Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Arriving at a Diagnosis with Therapeutic Options in the Molecular Era. Case Reports in Clinical Pathology. 2017; 4(3):7-11. doi:10.5430/crcp.v4n3p7.

Greenwood, MP, Carson, JM, Talmon, GA. The Pathology Resident Wiki: A Valuable Resource for Residents to Use on Call. Academic Pathology. July-September 2015: 1-6.

Cao Z, Li X, Zou X, Greenwood M, Gerwick WH, Murray TF. Involvement of JNK and Caspase Activation in Hoiamide A-Induced Neurotoxicity in Neocortical Neurons. Marine Drugs. 2015;13(2):903-19.

Bio

Dr. Gross directs the Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarker Research Laboratory (MEBRL) and is a faculty investigator in the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ARDL). MEBRL acts as the central laboratory for several studies wherein he applies biochemical, immunologic and genetic mass spectrometry (MS) and other techniques to the discovery, development, and application of biomarkers in cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Special emphasis is placed on mass spectrometry that allows for a highly precise characterization of biomarkers.Dr. Gross and his research team specialize in conducting analyses for large epidemiologic studies with the goal of defining new risk factors and understanding the pathophysiology of the conditions. One of his areas of interest is the interplay of diet and chronic disease, in particular, the role of oxidative cellular damage and antioxidant micronutrients in cardiovascular disease risk and prevention. He has also explored the association between oxidative stress biomarkers and insulin resistance syndrome, a risk factor for developing diabetes and heart disease. Another research focus in Gross's laboratory is the role of gene expression and genetic susceptibility in populations at risk for type-2 diabetes. Despite low rates of obesity, Southeast Asians have high rates of type-2 diabetes, placing a high public health and economic burden upon governments in that part of the world. Gross's research team is participating in major NIH-funded studies of genetic and environmental factors of people with type-2 diabetes in India and Singapore using genetic sequencing, genotyping, and analysis of biochemical receptors. One of the goals is to identify early onset type-2 diabetes in people ages 10 to 30 in order to initiate treatment and prevent or delay the development of cardiovascular complications. Dr. Gross also participates in a program funded by the NIH's Fogarty International Center to strengthen India's clinical research and training capacity. A third area of focus is dietary flavonoids and their biological activities. Dr. Gross is the President of PhenHRIG, a small society devoted to understanding the health effects and activities of flavonoids.

Research Summary

Publications

Kristin M. Hirahatake, Andrew O. Odegaard, Myron D. Gross, Carmen Peralta, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, Michael Shlipak, Holly Mattix-Kramer, David R. Jacobs. “Objective Dietary Biomarkers of Vegetable and Fruit Intake Inversely Associate with Rapid Kidney Function Decline: The CARDIA Study.” American Heart Association, Epi Lifestyle 2016. Phoenix, Arizona. Mar 1-4, 2016.

Myron D. Gross, Otto Sanchez, David R. Jacobs. “RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDICATORS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANTS: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.” American Heart Association, Epi Lifestyle 2016. Phoenix, Arizona. Mar 1-4, 2016.

Bharat Thyagajaran, Weihua Guan, Veronika Fedirko, Helene Barcelo, Myron D. Gross, Michael Goodman, Roberd M. Bostick. “Mitochondrial D-Loop Polymorphisms Are Associated With Colorectal Adenoma Risk.” AACR 2016.

Bharat Thyagajaran, Renwei Wang, Woon-Puay Koh, Helene Barcelo, Jennifer Adams-Haduch, Weihua Guan, Roberd M. Bostick, Jian-Min Yuan, Myron D. Gross. “Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number, Urinary Isoprostanes and Colorectal Cancer Risk.” AACR 2016.

April P. Carson, Paul Muntner, Elizabeth Selvin, Mercedes R. Carnethon, Christina M. Shay, David R. Jacobs, Myron D. Gross, Timothy Garvey, Cora E. Lewis. “Total Fat Mass and BMI Exhibit Varying Associations with Glycemic Markers.” ADA June 2016.

Bio

Dr. Grzywacz is a hematopathologist whose research interests include the development, normal function, and diseases involving natural killer (NK) cells as well as their therapeutic potential. NK cells are specialized lymphocytes of the innate immune system that possess some of the cell memory capabilities characteristic of cells found in the adaptive immune system. They originate in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and are important effector cells for anti-tumor immunity.Grzywacz was part of a team that developed an in-vitro system for producing NK cells from hematopoietic stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. NK cells produced through this process bore biomarkers associated with potent cell-killing activity and are equipped to attack and clear tumor cells. Grzywacz's research with Michael Verneris, Jeffrey Miller and others on the development of NK cells using an in-vitro system revealed that these cells may be derived from myeloid developmental pathway. Some human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells develop into NK cells when stimulated by the several cytokines including interleukin-7, interleukin-15, and stem cell factor. Grzywacz and his colleagues were able to define the conditions under which myeloid precursor cells tend to produce NK cells and found that NK cells produced through this process possess high levels of cytotoxicity. More recently investigators found that some of the cells thought to be NK cell precursors that failed to differentiate into mature NK cells constitute a novel innate lymphoid cell type.Research interest in NK-cell origin, function and potential enhancement of NK cells for tumor immunotherapy is part of a wave of interest in immunotherapy based on significant advances in the field in the past decade. Grzywacz plans to renew his studies of NK cells from the point of view of pathology in three ways: NK-cell use in immunotherapy; the role of NK cells in cancers other than hematologic malignancies; and lymphoid malignancies that originate from NK cells including aggressive neoplasms associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Research Summary

Publications

• Weinberg OK, Chisholm KM, Ok CY, Fedoriw Y, Grzywacz B, Kurzer JH, Mason EF, Moser KA, Bhattacharya S, Xu M, Babu D, Foucar K, Tam W, Bagg A, Orazi A, George TI, Wang W, Wang SA, Arber DA, Hasserjian RP Clinical, immunophenotypic and genomic findings of NK lymphoblastic leukemia: a study from the Bone Marrow Pathology Group.
  Modern Pathology. 2021 Feb 01. doi:10.1038/s41379-021-00739-4, 10.1038/s41379-021-00739-4
• Obeid KM, Grzywacz B, Ferrieri P, Arbefeville S, Slungaard A, Betts B. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection diagnosed by a bone marrow biopsy and DNA next-generation sequencing in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;:e13610. doi:10.1111/tid.13610, 10.1111/tid.13610
• Amy K. Erbe, Wei Wang, Lakeesha Carmichael, Anna Hoefges, Bartosz Grzywacz, Patrick K. Reville, Erik A. Ranheim, Jacquelyn A. Hank, KyungMann Kim, Songwon Seo, Eneida A. Mendonca, Yiqiang Song, Vaishalee P. Kenkre, Fangxin Hong, Randy D. Gascoyne, Elisabeth Paietta, Sandra J. Horning, Jeffrey S. Miller, Brad Kahl, and Paul M. Sondel.Follicular lymphoma patients with KIR2DL2 and KIR3DL1 and their ligands (HLA-C1 and HLA-Bw4) show improved outcome when receiving rituximab.J Immunother Cancer. 2019; 7: 70. doi: 10.1186/s40425-019-0538-8
• Gilles SR, Yohe SL, Linden MA, Dolan M, Hirsch B, Grzywacz B. CD161 Is expressed in a subset of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cases and Is useful for disease follow-up.Am J Clin Pathol. 2019 Sep 9;152(4):471-478. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz060.
• Grzywacz B, Moench L, McKenna D Jr, Tessier KM, Bachanova V, Cooley S, Miller JS, Courville EL.  Natural killer cell homing and persistence in the bone marrow after adoptive immunotherapy correlates with better leukemia control.  J Immunother. 2018 Nov 28. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0000000000000250.

Bio

Dr. Hamilton is a research immunologist and is focusing her research on CD8+ T cells with the goal of learning how to manipulate them to elicit the optimal protective immune response to pathogen infection. She is currently working in two different model systems: mice that have been naturally exposed to environmental microbes to gain a better understanding of T-cell function in these mice, and mice exposed to malaria to gain a better understanding of T-cell activity during severe cerebral complications of the disease.

Research Summary

For many years immunologists have experimented with genetically inbred mice housed in clean quarantined facilities. These facilities protect experimental mice from exposure to environmental pathogens, including viruses that humans are exposed to in daily life. Hamilton and co-investigators have conducted research in which they house pathogen-free inbred mice with mice from pet stores that carry environmental microbes, and then track CD8+ T cell behavior both in the pet store mice and in the inbred mice housed with them. In the pilot study, they characterized CD8+ T cell populations and distribution in various organs of environmentally exposed mice and found measurable differences compared to CD8+ T cells from environmentally protected inbred mice. The next step is to immunize the mice with different agents and compare CD8+ T cell responses. Preliminary data shows that environmentally exposed mice acquire increased levels of immune protection from some infectious microbes that inbred mice housed in clean facilities do not possess.In her malaria studies, Hamilton uses a mouse model that mimics the human experience in development of cerebral malaria, a condition caused by specific malarial strains to which certain individuals are vulnerable, particularly children. During this infection CD8+ T cell populations traffic to the brains of experimental mice. These cells recognize antigen presented by brain endothelial cells and mount an attack, which can cause brain hemorrhages. The goal of the study is to find ways to inhibit or control CD8+ T cell activity in the brain through immune system modulation to prevent cerebral hemorrhaging. Hamilton and her colleagues have found that stimulation by specific cytokine therapy can dampen the CD8+ T cell response to triggering antigens in the brain.Hamilton is also following up on earlier research that involved compartmentalizing CD8+ T cell memory cells into subset populations. She and her colleagues found a small subset that does not readily expand after antigen exposure, yet provides the most effective immune response to acute infection. She will delve deeper into how this specific subset of CD8+ memory T cells is created, how these cells can be more easily identified through specific cell-surface markers, how they function, and how they can be stimulated to expand, possibly through a vaccine strategy.

Publications

Fiege JK, Block KE, Pierson MJ, Nanda H, Shepherd FK, Mickelson CK, Stolley JM, Matchett WE, Wijeyesinghe S, Meyerholz DK, Vezys V, Shen SS, Hamilton SE, Masopust D, Langlois RA. Mice with diverse microbial exposure histories as a model for preclinical vaccine testing. Cell Host Microbe. 2021 Oct 27:S1931-3128(21)00463-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.10.001.

Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice.  Christina D. Camell, Matthew J. Yousefzadeh, Yi Zhu, Larissa G. P. Langhi Prata, Matthew A. Huggins, Mark Pierson, Lei Zhang, Ryan D. O’Kelly, Tamar Pirtskhalava, Pengcheng Xun, Keisuke Ejima, Ailing Xue, Utkarsh Tripathi, Jair Machado Espindola-Netto, Nino Giorgadze, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Christina L. Inman, Kurt O. Johnson, Stephanie H. Cholensky , Timothy W. Carlson, Nathan K. LeBrasseur, Sundeep Khosla, M. Gerard O’Sullivan, David B. Allison, Stephen C. Jameson, Alexander Meves, Ming Li, Y. S. Prakash, Sergio E. Chiarella, Sara E. Hamilton, Tamara Tchkonia, Laura J. Niedernhofer, James L. Kirkland, and Paul D. Robbins.  Science, 08 Jun 2021.doi: 10.1126/science.abe4832

Generating mice with diverse microbial experience.  Pierson M, Merley A, Hamilton SE.  Curr Protoc. 2021 Feb;1(2):e53. doi: 10.1002/cpz1.53.

T cell economics: precursor cells predict inflation. Huggins MA, Hamilton SE.  Nat Immunol. 2020 Dec;21(12):1482-1483. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-00819-8.

KLRG1+memory CD8 T cells combine properties of short-lived effectors and long-lived memory.  Renkema KR, Huggins MA, Borges da Silva H, Knutson TP, Henzler CM, Hamilton SE.  J Immunol. 2020 Aug 15;205(4):1059-1069. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901512. Epub 2020 Jul 1

New insights into the immune system using dirty mice. Hamilton SE, Badovinac VP, Beura LK, Pierson M, Jameson SC, Masopust D, Griffith TS.  J Immunol. 2020 Jul 1;205(1):3-11. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000171.

Bio

Dr. Hecht's laboratory is focused on understanding the ways tobacco smoke constituents cause cancer. To do this he and his colleagues study the mechanisms by which these compounds enter the human body, are metabolized, and ultimately bind to DNA, causing mutations that result in cancer. Cigarette smoke contains more than 70 carcinogens. Hecht focuses on several including tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and certain volatiles such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein that are formed during the combustion process.Hecht's research team has developed methods to analyze human urine for these compounds and their metabolites. These methods, which employ mass spectrometry as a key analytic technology, enable his laboratory to take part in studies of thousands of smokers. Hecht's group also uses mass spectrometry methods to analyze the DNA damage caused by the carcinogens at the level of stereochemistry, which shows the relative spatial arrangement of atoms and molecules.The goal of Hecht's research is two-fold: First, to provide evidence in support of ongoing regulation of tobacco products due to their harm to human health, and second, to find ways to identify the susceptible smoker. That smoking causes lung cancer is well established, but it is not yet possible to identify which smokers are most likely to contract lung cancer, which would allow for early intervention. Collaboration between research groups in the fields of genetics, biochemistry, psychology and other fields will be needed to turn promising leads of an individual smoker's susceptibility to lung cancer into a preventive strategy.Hecht has a long-standing collaboration with a University colleague in psychiatry who is studying the mechanisms of addiction. Given that more than a billion people of the world's population of seven billion people are smokers, including an estimated 45 million in the U.S. and 300 million in China, the impact of learning the biological and psychological mechanisms involved in tobacco smoke addiction is a major public health challenge and opportunity. Understanding these mechanisms also can lead to the identification of smoking prevention strategies and potential chemopreventive agents.

Research Summary

Publications

PubMed Bibliography

1.Ma, B.; Stepanov, I.; Hecht, S. S. Recent studies on DNA adducts resulting from human exposure to tobacco smoke. Toxics 2019, 7.

2.Ma, B.; Villalta, P. W.; Hochalter, J. B.; Stepanov, I.; Hecht, S. S. Methyl DNA phosphate adduct formation in lung tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissue of lung cancer patients. Carcinogenesis 2019.

3.Li, Y.; Ma, B.; Cao, Q.; Balbo, S.; Zhao, L.; Upadhyaya, P.; Hecht, S. S. Mass Spectrometric quantitation of pyridyloxobutyl DNA phosphate adducts in rats chronically treated with N'-nitrosonornicotine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2019, 32, 773-783.

4.Stram, D. O.; Park, S. L.; Haiman, C. A.; Murphy, S. E.; Patel, Y.; Hecht, S. S.; Le Marchand, L. Racial/ethnic differences in lung cancer incidence in the multiethnic cohort study: an update. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2019.

5.Goniewicz, M. L.; Smith, D. M.; Edwards, K. C.; Blount, B. C.; Caldwell, K. L.; Feng, J.; Wang, L.; Christensen, C.; Ambrose, B.; Borek, N.; van Bemmel, D.; Konkel, K.; Erives, G.; Stanton, C. A.; Lambert, E.; Kimmel, H. L.; Hatsukami, D.; Hecht, S. S.; Niaura, R. S.; Travers, M.; Lawrence, C.; Hyland, A. J. Comparison of nicotine and toxicant exposure in users of electronic cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. JAMA Netw. Open 2018, 1, e185937.

Research Summary

Research interests:

• Infectious diseases
• Microbiology

Publications

Hilt EE, Fitzwater SP, Ward K, de St Maurice, A, Chandrasekaran S, Garner OB, & Yang S. Carbapenem resistant Aeromonas hydrophila carrying bla_cphA7 isolated from two solid organ transplant patients. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10:563482. Published 2020 Oct 26. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.563482

Chen J, Hilt EE, Li F, Wu H, Jiang Z, Zhang Q, Wang J, Wang Y, Li Z, Tang J, & Yang S. Epidemiological and genomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in 10 patients from a mid-sized city outside of Hubei, China in the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Public Health. 2020;8:567621. Published 2020 Sep 18. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.567621

Bio

Dr. Hirsch is a cytogeneticist, a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics, and director of the UMMC Cytogenetics Laboratory and director of the Cancer Center's Cytogenomics Laboratory, which provides investigators with a variety of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic services. Hirsch oversees the development and utilization of cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques to analyze and elucidate chromosome abnormalities in inherited disorders and cancer utilizing. She is Director of the ABMG Laboratory Genetics and Genomics Fellowship, and is active in the development and writing of national guidelines for laboratory's performing cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic studies such as microarrays, particularly as applied to cancer. RESEARCH:Dr. Hirsch has two major areas of research focus: chromosome instability and the cytogenomic landscape of myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. The University of Minnesota has a comprehensive Fanconi anemia center, and her laboratory has been involved in the development of methods and algorithms for diagnosis of FA, for differentiating subtypes of FA, and for monitoring for emergence of clinically significant clones that may herald the development of myelodyspalstic syndrome, leukemia., and/or solid tumors. As a member of the Children's Oncology Group cytogenetic and myeloid disease committees, she reviewsall cytogenetic analyses performed on patients enrolled on myeloid studies, in addition to developing biology studies aimed at improving risk stratification for pediatric AML, and elucidating factors involved in disease progression.Additionally, as the Director of a research Cytogenomics Core resource of a Cancer Genomics Center, herlaboratory has facilitated the research of investigators at the University of Minnesota'sMasonic Cancer Center and other Cancer Centers that require seamless integration of techniques to pursue studies of tumorgenesis.

Research Summary

Hirsch has been coordinator of cytogenetic in studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) conducted by the Children's Oncology Group (COG), the world's largest organization devoted exclusively to childhood and adolescent cancer research. COG unites more than 8,000 experts in childhood cancer from around the world. Hirsch and her colleagues have found that recurrent cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities are powerful predictors of relapse and survival in both adult and pediatric AML and that high expression of certain genes is strongly associated with poor prognosis. They have also found that multi-dimensional flow cytometry combined with cytogenetic and molecular analysis can predict which patients with residual disease are most likely to relapse.COG investigators including Hirsch recently conducted a multi-institutional, multi-platform microarray study of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that integrated results from both cytogenetic and molecular analysis. The results demonstrated the complementary roles of FISH, genomic microarray, and G-banding chromosome analysis in characterizing the leukemic clone and will facilitate ALL patient care as well as basic and translational research. In basic research, Hirsch is working with Michael Farrar to develop transposon-based screens for identifying altered genes involved in ALL.

Publications

• Gilles SR, Yohe SL, Linden MA, Dolan M, Hirsch B, Grzywacz B. CD161 Is expressed in a subset of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cases and Is useful for disease follow-up.Am J Clin Pathol. 2019 Sep 9;152(4):471-478. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz060.
• Baughn LB; Meredith MM; Oseth L; Smolarek TA, Hirsch B.  SH2B3 aberrations enriched in iAMP21 B lymphoblastic leukemia.  Cancer Genetics. 226-227:30-35, 2018 Oct
• Poynter JN; Richardson M; Blair CK; Roesler MA; Hirsch BA; Nguyen P; Cioc A; Warlick E; Cerhan JR; Ross JA. Obesity over the life course and risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer Epidemiology. 40:134-40, 2016 Feb. 
• Baughn LB; Biegel JA; South ST; Smolarek TA; Volkert S; Carroll AJ; Heerema NA; Rabin KR; Zweidler-McKay PA; Loh M; Hirsch B. Integration of cytogenomic data for furthering the characterization of pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a multi-institution, multi-platform microarray study. Cancer Genetics. 208(1-2):1-18, 2015.

Bio

My lab is primarily interested in T cell development in the thymus. We study how selection processes shape the T cell repertoire to achieve a highly effective and self-tolerant adaptive immune system.

Research Summary

Primarily interested in T cell development in the thymus. We study how selection processes shape the T cell repertoire to achieve a highly effective and self-tolerant adaptive immune system. Current research is focused on these four topics: Positive selection: This is a crucial stage in T cell development, where MHC restricted progenitors are selected from a random pool. We are systematically studying the gene changes that occur in the T cell progenitor during positive selection and how they support the multiple facets of this event (e.g. survival, migration, allelic exclusion, etc). We are also exploring how cortical epithelial cells support the process of positive selection Negative selection : One of the ways the immune system copes with self-reactive T cells is to eliminate them from the repertoire. We developed a highly physiologic in vivo mouse model to study the specific antigen-presenting cell types involved and the timing and anatomic location of negative selection. We are also exploring why some self-reactive cells undergo apoptosis, but others are selected to become regulatory T cells or NKT cells. Thymic Emigration : The lab is currently interested in the final stages of maturation that occur prior to migration of the progenitor from the thymus to the periphery. We seek to understand how the functional competence of the cell is eventually switched from apoptosis to proliferation, and the signals, molecular factors, and anatomic structures involved in emigration itself. Recent studies have focused heavily on the transcription factor KLF2. The Human T cell repertoire : We have a unique collaboration with a clinical virology group to study immune responses in humans that are at high risk for natural infection with a gamma herpesvirus (Epstein Barr Virus or EBV). In addition to documenting the precise changes that occur during the innate and adaptive immune response to this virus, we are exploring how the pre-immune T cell repertoire in such individuals is predisposed to make a pathologic response to this virus (infectious mononucleosis).

Publications

• Zhang, Z., Salgado, O. C., Liu, B., Moazzami, Z., Hogquist, K. A., Farrar, M. A. & Ruan, H. B. An OGT-STAT5 Axis in Regulatory T Cells Controls Energy and Iron Metabolism. Frontiers in immunology; 2022, 13, 874863.

• Peng, C., Huggins, M. A., Wanhainen, K. M., Knutson, T. P., Lu, H., Georgiev, H., Mittelsteadt, K. L., Jarjour, N., Wang, H., Hogquist, K. A., Campbell, D. J., Borges da Silva, H. & Jameson, S. C., Engagement of the costimulatory molecule ICOS in tissues promotes establishment of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells.  Immunity; Jan 11 2022; 55, 1, p. 98-114.e5

• Georgiev, H., Peng, C., Huggins, M.A., Jameson S. C., Hogquist, K.A. Classical MHC expression by DP thymocytes impairs the selection of non-classical MHC restricted innate-like T cells. Nat Commun 12, 2308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22589-z

• Ruscher R, Thera Lee S, Salgado OC, Breed ER, Osum SH, and Hogquist KA. Intestinal CD8?? IELs derived from two distinct thymic precursors have staggered ontogeny. J Exp Med 3 August 2020; 217 (8): e20192336. doi: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20192336

• Wang H, Breed ER, Lee YJ, Qian LJ, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Myeloid cells activate iNKT cells to produce IL-4 in the thymic medulla. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Oct 29;116(44):22262-22268. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1910412116. Epub 2019 Oct 14.

• Borges da Silva H, Beura LK, Wang H, Hanse EA, Gore R, Scott MC, Walsh DA, Block KE, Fonseca R, Yan Y, Hippen KL, Blazar BR, Masopust D, Kelekar A, Vulchanova L, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. The purinergic receptor P2RX7 directs metabolic fitness of long-lived memory CD8+ T cells. Nature. 2018 Jul;559(7713):264-268. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0282-0. Epub 2018 Jul 4. 

Bio

The Jameson lab primarily focuses on the homeostasis, trafficking, and differentiation of CD8+ T cells, and how these can be regulated to promote beneficial responses and limit immunopathology. 

Dr. Jameson studies the regulation of CD8 T cell development, homeostasis, and function. A major focus has been the factors, including cytokines, that induce and maintain protective memory CD8 T cells, capable of efficient control of pathogens and tumors. A related interest is on T cell trafficking, including the cues that determine whether memory T cells patrol around the body (recirculating) or remain in tissues (resident). In particular, we explore the regulation of T cell trafficking by KLF2 and related transcription factors, testing how manipulation of T cell migration can be used to tailor T cell function. Other studies investigate the role of the innate immune "danger" signal receptor P2RX7, which we showed is also critical for supporting survival and metabolic fitness of long-lived memory CD8⁺ T cells; analysis of non-deletional mechanisms of immunological tolerance as a means to avoid autoimmunity; and work on the immune response to pathogens and allergens in mice with normal microbial experience (also called 'dirty' mice), which we showed are a more faithful model of the adult human immune system.

Research Summary

The T-cell component of the adaptive immune system is proving to be highly complex, with many T-cell subcategories being identified as investigative tools such as flow cytometry and transgenic technologies become more sophisticated. The Jameson lab primarily focuses on the mechanisms that control development, homeostasis, and trafficking of naive and memory CD8+ T cells. As well as the regulation of protective immunity versus immunopathology in T cell responses.  Physiological role of self-recognition by the T cell receptor : Recognition of "self" peptide/MHC molecules by the T cell receptor (TCR) is usually considered from the perspective of autoimmunity – but every T cell has to recognize self-ligands (in low affinity interactions) in order to mature in the thymus. We've investigated how these kinds of TCR interactions promote mature T cell survival and can even drive differentiation into a memory-like population (in conjunction with cytokine receptor stimulation). Furthermore, we discovered that the "strength" of the TCR encounter with self-peptide/MHC dictates a T cell's reactivity to foreign antigens: naïve CD8+ T cells with features of greater "self-awareness" showed stronger responses to pathogens. This implies a degree of self-reactivity is beneficial for normal immune function. We're also investigating how CD8+ T cell tolerance to self-peptide/MHC molecules is controlled. In a model we've investigated, involving tolerance to a melanocyte antigen, few self-specific T cells are eliminated during thymic development, and these cells are capable of a robust response to the self-antigen following immunization – however, these cells are poor at inducing immunopathology, suggesting tolerance is narrowly tailored to prevent overt tissue damage. We continue to explore how interactions with self- peptide/MHC ligands are critical to support T cell development, homeostasis and functional reactivity – and to understand how such interactions become unregulated, leading to autoimmunity. Role and regulation of the CD8 coreceptor : The CD8 co-receptor is critical for coordinated binding of the TCR to Class I MHC molecules. We've shown that the strength of the CD8-Class I MHC interaction changes during T cell development, such that optimal interactions occur in developing thymocytes that also show a heightened TCR sensitivity for self-peptide/MHC, which is required for their maturation. We found that this developmental regulation of CD8-Class I MHC binding is regulated, at least in part, by changes in cell surface glycosylation as T cell mature. We also showed that CD8 expression itself is dynamically regulated following T cell activation, so that stimulated CD8+ T cells are temporarily "detuned" after activation, resulting in altered states of ligand recognition. Together, these findings suggest ways in which we might improve desirable CD8+ T cell responses (such as tumor immunotherapy) by enhancing CD8 binding to Class I MHC ligands. CD8⁺T cell memory: A primary focus of the Jameson lab is CD8+ T cell memory, in all its varied forms. While memory cells are typically considered to arise following an immune response to foreign antigens, we discovered that homeostatic processes, involving TCR interactions with normal self-peptide/MHC ligands and exposure to homeostatic cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15, lead "naïve" CD8+ T cells to acquire functional characteristics of "true" memory cells. We and others showed that such "virtual" memory cells arise physiologically in normal mice (and resemble a population in humans) and that these cells participate in the response to pathogens, exhibiting a distinct differentiation program from naïve cells. How these cells contribute to immune readiness toward new infections is an active area of interest.    We also study conventional memory cells, with a special focus on how distinct "subsets" of memory cells offer distinct mechanisms of protective immunity. For example, some memory CD8+ T cells are embedded in tissues and do not enter the circulation during normal homeostasis ("resident memory" T cells, T_RM), while others appear to primarily patrol the blood vasculature, without routinely entering tissues. We are especially interested in what regulates the decision of memory precursors to become distinct memory cell subsets. We recently showed that a purinergic receptor called P2RX7 is critical for generation of CD8+ T_RM and "central" memory cells but is largely dispensable for other memory subsets. This was intriguing because the best studied role of P2RX7 is as a receptor for "danger" signals, as a way of activating the innate immune cells to current tissue damage – our data show that P2RX7 has quite distinct role in supporting the metabolic fitness of long-term memory CD8+ T cells. We're currently exploring how P2RX7 and related molecules control CD8+ T cell tumor immunotherapy. Other studies have focused on molecules that are associated with resident versus recirculating cells - distinguishing proteins that are valuable markers but play a limited functional role (such as CD69) from others that have actual functional significance (such as ICOS and S1PR1). Control of lymphocyte trafficking and differentiation by KLF2 : We began working on the transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2, also called LKLF) because it was thought to be a key player in regulating naïve T cell quiescence. Instead, we found that a primary role of KLF2 is to regulate T cell trafficking – two prominent targets of KLF2 being CD62L (L-selectin) and S1PR1 (a receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate, essential for lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph). This led to an entirely new understanding of both the function of KLF2 and, more broadly, the mechanisms that control thymocyte egress to the periphery and T cell recirculation. We went on to show that decreased expression of KLF2 (and its target S1PR1) is critical for generating CD8+ T_RM in non-lymphoid tissues, but also is critical for generating differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells into "follicular helper" T cells T_FH in the germinal center of lymphoid tissues. These and other intriguing parallels indicate similar regulation modules are at play in controlling localization versus dissemination of T cells (and possibly other lymphocytes) through regulation of KLF2 and other KLF transcription factors.  Evaluation of mice with normalized immunological experience : In a long-term collaboration with the Masopust and Hamilton-Hart labs, we've studied how a more physiological exposure to natural mouse pathogens and commensal microbes impacts the immune system in laboratory mice – and the validity of mice as a model for the adult human immune system. To do so we examined mice that were not maintained under typical Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) housing conditions but were exposed to natural microbe transmission from mice purchased from a pet store. This results in widespread immune activation in the inbred mice and substantial and sustained changes in numerous immunological parameters. We showed that these so-called "dirty mice" had characteristics that a more faithful reflection of the immune system in adult humans (while conventional SPF mice more accurately reflect the immune system in neonatal humans). We've investigated how microbial experience influences the response to novel infections, immunopathology and the response to allergens, among other immune parameters. These studies show widespread changes in the nature of many (but not all) immune responses, suggesting exposure to microbes causes permanent remodeling of the immune system, producing a "new normal" baseline of immune readiness. 

Publications

For a full list of publications: Link here

CoAching CD8(+) T cells for tumor immunotherapy-the pantothenate way. Kelekar A and Jameson SC. Cell Metab 2021,33(12), 2305-2306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.009

Senolytics reduce coronavirus-related mortality in old mice. Christina D. Camell, Matthew J. Yousefzadeh, Yi Zhu, Larissa G. P. Langhi Prata, Matthew A. Huggins, Mark Pierson, Lei Zhang, Ryan D. O’Kelly, Tamar Pirtskhalava, Pengcheng Xun, Keisuke Ejima, Ailing Xue, Utkarsh Tripathi, Jair Machado Espindola-Netto, Nino Giorgadze, Elizabeth J. Atkinson, Christina L. Inman, Kurt O. Johnson, Stephanie H. Cholensky , Timothy W. Carlson, Nathan K. LeBrasseur, Sundeep Khosla, M. Gerard O’Sullivan, David B. Allison, Stephen C. Jameson, Alexander Meves, Ming Li, Y. S. Prakash, Sergio E. Chiarella, Sara E. Hamilton, Tamara Tchkonia, Laura J. Niedernhofer, James L. Kirkland, and Paul D. Robbins. Science, 08 Jun 2021.doi: 10.1126/science.abe4832

Classical MHC expression by DP thymocytes impairs the selection of non-classical MHC restricted innate-like T cells.  Georgiev, H., Peng, C., Huggins, M.A., Jameson S. C., Hogquist, K.A.  Nat Commun 12, 2308 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22589-z

T Cell Memory: Understanding COVID-19.
Jarjour NN, Masopust D, Jameson SC. Immunity. 2021 Jan 12;54(1):14-18. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.009. Epub 2020 Dec 19. PMID: 33406391

The Naming of Memory T-Cell Subsets.
Jameson SC.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2021 Jan 4;13(1):a037788. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037788. PMID: 33229439

Bio

Dr. Johnson is a clinical and anatomic pathologist with expertise in transfusion medicine, blood banking, and apheresis. He is medical director of the Apheresis Donor Center, which provides peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cell collection, therapeutic plasma exchange, photopheresis therapy, and other therapeutic apheresis services.Dr. Johnson recently collaborated with a colleague in radiology in the area of prostate cancer research, specifically correlating MRI, histopathological patterns and biomarkers with disease aggressiveness and progression. Investigators are homing in on which imaging, histological, and genetic profiles provide the most predictive information in prostate cancer. His current research interests are in extracorporeal photophoresis (ECP), an FDA-approved form of apheresis plus a photoactive compound, often psoralen, that is used to treat advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. ECP has also shown benefits in treating graft-versus-host disease in post-transplant patients. Dr. Johnson has been designated as a research site investigator for a national survey study exploring the use of ECP in lung transplant rejection. One of the goals of the study is to learn what ECP protocol variations are being used by different lung transplant centers and what might constitute a best practices approach for using ECP as a backup treatment for chronic lung rejection in these patients.

Research Summary

Publications

Ipe TS, Raval JS, Fernando LP, Gokhale A, Jacquot C, Johnson, AD, Kim HC, Monis GF, Mo YD, Mrgan SM, Pagano MB, Pham HP, Sanford K, Schmidt AE, Schwartz J, Waldman A, Webb J, Winters JL, Wu Y, Yamada C, Wong ECC. Therapeutic plasma exchange for neuromyelitis opica spectrum disorder: A multicenter retrospective study by the ASFA neurologic diseases subcommittee. J Clinical Apheresis. 2019 Nov. doi: 10.1002/jca.21754.

Sackett K, Cohn CS, Fahey-Ahrndt K, Smith AR, Johnson AD.  Successful treatment of pure red cell aplasia because of ABO major mismatched stem cell transplant.  J Clin Apher. 2017 May 24. doi: 10.1002/jca.21553. [Epub ahead of print] PMID:28543448

Johnson AD, Cohn CS. Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus (XMRV) and the Safety of the Blood Supply . Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016 Oct;29(4):749-57. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00086-15. Review. PMID: 27358491

Bio

Dr. Karger is a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics and a faculty investigator at the Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ARDL). She has multiple research interests including studying immune responses to COVID-19 infection and vaccines, predicting and delaying the progression of chronic kidney disease, and studying cardiovascular and kidney disease complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. Dr. Karger currently serves as Program Director and Principal Investigator for one of four federally funded Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) Capacity Building Centers, which has been tasked with developing serological assays to test for COVID-19 antibodies, and is conducting research studies to better understand the immune response to COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Additionally, she has been appointed as co-chair of the SeroNet Serology Assays Ops Group. Dr. Karger also serves as Director of the Central Laboratory for the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), which tests biomarkers such as creatinine, cystatin C, beta-2 microglobulin and beta-trace protein to improve GFR estimating equations. Improved GFR estimates give clinicians the ability to detect disease progression at earlier stages. In addition, she serves as co-investigator for the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications trial (EDIC) and co-director of the Biomedical Assay Laboratory for the Division of Intramural Population Health Research at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Previously, Dr. Karger served as a principal investigator with the Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes (PERL) consortium. The consortium undertook a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial aimed at evaluating the efficacy of allopurinol in preventing kidney function loss in individuals with type 1 diabetes; the trial found no evidence of benefit from serum urate reduction with allopurinol.

Research Summary

Publications

• Garg PK, Guan W, Nomura S, Weir NL, Karger AB, Duprez D, Tsai MY. Associations of plasma omega-3 and omega-6 pufa levels with arterial elasticity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jun 9. doi: 10.1038/s41430-022-01172-9.
• Figueiredo JC, Hirsch FR, Kushi LH, Nembhard WN, Crawford JM, Mantis N, Finster L, Merin NM, Merchant A, Reckamp KL, Melmed GY, Braun J, McGovern D, Parekh S, Corley DA, Zohoori N, Amick BC, Du R, Gregersen PK, Diamond B, Taioli E, Sariol C, Espino A, Weiskopf D, Gifoni A, Brien J, Hanege W, Lipsitch M, Zidar DA, Scheck McAlearney A, Wajnberg A, LaBaer J, Yvonne Lewis E, Binder RA, Moormann AM, Forconi C, Forrester S, Batista J, Schieffelin J, Kim D, Biancon G, VanOudenhove J, Halene S, Fan R, Barouch DH, Alter G, Pinninti S, Boppana SB, Pati SK, Latting M, Karaba AH, Roback J, Sekaly R, Neish A, Brincks AM, Granger DA, Karger AB, Thyagarajan B, Thomas SN, Klein SL, Cox AL, Lucas T, Furr-Holden D, Key K, Jones N, Wrammerr J, Suthar M, Yu Wong S, Bowman NM, Simon V, Richardson LD, McBride R, Krammer F, Rana M, Kennedy J, Boehme K, Forrest C, Granger SW, Heaney CD, Knight Lapinski M, Wallet S, Baric RS, Schifanella L, Lopez M, Fernández S, Kenah E, Panchal AR, Britt WJ, Sanz I, Dhodapkar M, Ahmed R, Bartelt LA, Markmann AJ, Lin JT, Hagan RS, Wolfgang MC, Skarbinski J. Mission, organization, and future direction of the Serological Sciences Network for COVID-19 (SeroNet) epidemiologic cohort studies. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Apr 27;9(6):ofac171. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac171.
• Karger AB, Brien JD, Christen JM, Dhakal S, Kemp TJ, Klein SL, Pinto LA, Premkumar L, Roback JD, Binder RA, Boehme KW, Boppana S, Cordon-Cardo C, Crawford JM, Daiss JL, Dupuis AP 2nd, Espino AM, Firpo-Betancourt A, Forconi C, Forrest JC, Girardin RC, Granger DA, Granger SW, Haddad NS, Heaney CD, Hunt DT, Kennedy JL, King CL, Krammer F, Kruczynski K, LaBaer J, Lee FE, Lee WT, Liu SL, Lozanski G, Lucas T, Mendu DR, Moormann AM, Murugan V, Okoye NC, Pantoja P, Payne AF, Park J, Pinninti S, Pinto AK, Pisanic N, Qiu J, Sariol CA, Simon V, Song L, Steffen TL, Stone ET, Styer LM, Suthar MS, Thomas SN, , Wajnberg A, Yates JL, Sobhani K. The Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) for COVID-19: Depth and breadth of serology assays and plans for assay harmonization. mSphere. 2022 Jun 15:e0019322. doi: 10.1128/msphere.00193-22.
• Thomas SN, Karger AB, Altawallbeh G, Nelson KM, Jacobs DR Jr, Gorlin J, Barcelo H, Thyagarajan B. Ultrasensitive detection of salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in individuals with natural and COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity. Sci Rep. 2022 May 25;12(1):8890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12869-z
• Perkins BA, Bebu I, Gao X, Karger AB, Hirsch IB, Karanchi H, Molitch ME, Zinman B, Lachin JM, and de Boer IH. Early trajectory of estimated glomerular filtration rate and long-term advanced kidney and cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2022 Mar 1;45(3):585-593. doi: 10.2337/dc21-1883. PMID: 35015817

Bio

Dr. Kelekar's laboratory is focused primarily on altered metabolism in cancer, a fairly new field of research. The way metabolic pathways operate differently in malignant versus healthy tissue is proving to be one of the hallmarks of cancer. Kelekar initiated her work in cancer metabolism while studying the mechanisms underlying apoptosis or programmed cell death, specifically the role of bcl-2 and other protein families in regulating apoptosis. Interactions between bcl-2 proteins and the bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3)-only proteins are pivotal in regulating apoptosis. Dr. Kelekar's group discovered that the BH3-only protein Noxa, a canonical death-promoting protein, for example, also plays a role in cancer cell metabolism. Noxa is induced in response to apoptotic stimuli in most human cells of epithelial origin but is constitutively expressed in proliferating myeloid and lymphoid cells and required for apoptosis in response to glucose stress. Kelekar and her colleagues identified a serine on Noxa that was phosphorylated by the kinase Cdk5 in myeloid and lymphoid cancers. This amino acid modification inactivates Noxa's apoptotic or cell-killing function, potentially giving tumor cells that can employ this mechanism a survival advantage. Cells can use glucose to trigger the apoptosis avoidance mechanism such as the one enabled by Cdk5-inhibited Noxa. Kelekar and her colleagues propose that the serine residue on Noxa can serve as a glucose-sensitive "toggle switch" controlling both proliferation and apoptosis in leukemias and lymphomas. Normal cells use glucose for the energy-generating chemical reactions that take place in mitochondria through the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. Kelekar has found that Noxa expression promotes diversion of glucose for the production of biomass and that mitochondria of Noxa-overexpressing cancer cells, as well as proliferating normal cells, use the amino acid glutamine rather than glucose to supply the cell's energy needs. Interestingly, it turns out that Noxa regulates multiple metabolic functions in leukemia cells in addition to regulating glucose and glutamine utilization. Metabolomics tools can now be employed to delineate the metabolic signaling pathways that normal and cancer cells employ to carry out critical biochemical functions. Sorting out the highly sensitive metabolic needs of cancer cells and targeting key molecules like Noxa constitute a promising avenue for small-molecule drug development.

Research Summary

Mechanisms of Apoptosis Research in my laboratory focuses on pathways of cell survival and death with special emphasis on Bcl-2 family proteins as regulators of these pathways. Interactions between multi-domain Bcl-2 proteins and members of the BH3-only Bcl-2 family sub-class are pivotal in promoting cell death. Recently, our studies on human BH3-only protein, Noxa, have revealed a post-translational regulatory pathway that suppresses its pro-apoptotic function and imparts to it a novel metabolic and pro-survival role in human hematological malignancies. We are currently investigating the role of this protein and its binding partner, Mcl-1L, in regulating glucose metabolism in leukemia cells. The recognition that cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism and depend heavily on glucose as their major source of energy is leading to novel therapeutic strategies targeted at glycolytic (glucose breakdown) pathways. Major research areas in the laboratory are briefly described below:

Current Research 

Autophagy – its role in cell survival and tumor progression DNA damaging drugs induce apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway through apoptosome formation and caspase-9 activation. MCF-7 breast cancer cells show little to no caspase-9 activation and a delayed death response response to DNA damaging drugs. Further investigation identified autophagy or "self-consumption" as the underlying mechanism for the delayed apoptotic response. Our studies suggested that reduced autophagy may be an adaptive strategy in immortalized and non-invasive breast tumor cells faced with genotoxic stress and underscored the need for autophagy inhibitors in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in treating early breast cancers (Abedin et al 2007). We are currently focusing some of our research efforts on the contribution of defective autophagy to tumor initiation and progression in breast cancer. In collaboration with the group of Dr. S. Ramakrishnan at the University of Minnesota we have investigated the mechanism of action of the angiogenic inhibitor peptides, kringle 5 and endostatin, in human endothelial cells. These studies (Bui-Nguyen et al2007 and 2009) suggested that both kringle 5 and endostatin induced an apoptotic as well as an autophagic response in endothelial cells, but interfering with the autophagic survival response sensitized cells to the anti-angiogenic effects of the inhibitors by promoting a switch to robust apoptotic cell death. BH3-only protein, Noxa – its role in apoptosis and glucose metabolism in leukemia cells We are currently investigating the post-translational regulation of a human BH3-only protein, Noxa, in hematological malignancies. Human Noxa in stably and constitutively expressed in a majority of leukemia cells and kept in check through post-translational control mechanisms. Interaction of Noxa with its pro-survival binding partner Mcl-1L plays a major role in the apoptotic response of proliferating lymphoid and myeloid leukemia cells to glucose deprivation. We show that, in the presence of adequate glucose, human Noxa is phosphorylated on serine13 by the cyclin dependent kinase, Cdk5, and sequestered within large multi-protein cytosolic particles (Lowman et al2010). Apoptotic triggers, particularly glucose limitation, dephosphorylate Noxa, unmasking its pro-apoptotic function. An understanding of how Noxa is post-translationally regulated will aid in the design of therapeutic strategies that target the modified protein and promote its release from sequestration. Paradoxically, modified sequestered Noxa stimulates glucose consumption and lactate production in T acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) cells. Our observations point to a novel 'survival' role for Noxa in regulating glucose metabolism in cancer cells; specifically our data point to a role for Noxa in the anabolic pentose phosphate pathway that is crucial for dividing cells. Additionally, we have identified the protein components of two Noxa/Mcl-1L-containing complexes from proliferating leukemia cells by mass spectrometry and are currently investigation their function. Noxa, a canonical tumor suppressor like other BH3-only proteins, had not previously been associated with a survival role. Our studies reveal Noxa as the second BH3-only protein, after family member BAD, to be attributed a metabolic function and underscore the intriguing possibility that other BH3-only members may hold day jobs as pro-survival proteins.

Publications

• Kelekar A and Jameson SC. CoAching CD8(+) T cells for tumor immunotherapy-the pantothenate way. Cell Metab 2021,33(12), 2305-2306.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.009
• Matias MI, Yong CS, Foroushani A, Goldsmith C, Mongellaz C, Sezgin E, Levental KR, Talebi A, Perrault J, Riviere A, Dehairs J, Delos O, Bertand-Michel J, Portais JC, Wong M, Marie JC, Kelekar A, Kinet S, Zimmermann VS, Levental I, Yvan-Charvet L, Swinnen JV, Muljo SA, Hernandez-Vargas H, Tardito S, Taylor N, Dardalhon V. Regulatory T cell differentiation is controlled by aKG-induced alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Cell Rep. 2021 Nov 2;37(5):109911. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109911
• Yan, Y., Krecke, K.N., Bapat, A.S., Yang, T., Lopresti, M.W., Mashek, D.G., and Kelekar, A.  Phosphatase PHLPP2 regulates the cellular response to metabolic stress through AMPK. Cell Death Dis 12, 904 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-04196-4
• Jemmerson, R., K. Staskus, L. Higgins, K. Conklin and A. Kelekar. Intracellular leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 competes with Apaf-1 for binding cytochrome c in protecting MCF-7 breast cancer cells from apoptosis. 2020. Apoptosis 26:71-82. 

Bio

Dr. Khalifa is the Donald F. Gleason Professor and Director of Anatomic Pathology and a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics. He conducts clinical and translational research in gynecologic, hepato-biliary and gastrointestinal disease including cancer using immunohistochemical techniques. The growing number of well-defined tumor antibodies and biomarkers enables surgical pathologists to make a diagnosis with ever-greater accuracy. Antibodies and biomarkers also can provide prognostic information for how a tumor may progress and respond to treatment.

Research Summary

Publications

Clemente V, Hoshino A, Shetty M, , Erickson BK, Baker R, Rubin N, Khalifa M, Weroha SJ, Lou E, Bazzaro M.GLS1 is a protective factor in patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma and its expression does not correlate with ARID1A-mutated tumors. Cancer Research Communications, July 18, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1158/2767-9764.CRC-22-0122

Bedell S, Chang Z, Burt C, Khalifa M, and Argenta P. Incisional carcinoma of mullerian origin: A case report and review of literature. Gynecologic Oncology Reports, 2000; 33. 100588. 10.1016/j.gore.2020.100588.

Erickson BE, Najjar O, Damast S, Blakaj A, Tymon-Rosario J, Shahi M, Santin A, Klein M, Dolan M, Cimino-Mathews A, Buza N, Ferriss JS, Stone RL, Khalifa M, and Fader AN. Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in early stage uterine serous carcinoma: A multi-institutional cohort study. Gynecologic Oncology, 2020; 159 (1): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.07.016.

Wilhite AM, Oestreich MC, Olson M, Bedell SM, Westenberg D, Bangdiwala A, Ikramuddin S, Sanchez-Avila M, Madoff RD, Khalifa MA, Erickson BK. Health care health care provider adherence to surgical guidelines for risk reducing salpingo-oophorectomy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2019;134: 520-526.

Glasgow MA, Argenta P, Abrahante JE, Shetty M, Talukdar S, Croonquist PA, Khalifa MA, Starr TK. “Biological insights into chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer.” Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 30;20(9):2131.

Bassiouny D, Ismiil N, Dubé V, Han G, Cesari M, Lu F-I, Slodkowska E, Parra-Herren C, Chiu HF, Naeim M, Li N, Khalifa M, Nofech-Mozes S. Comprehensive clinicopathologic and updated immunohistochemical characterization of primary ovarian mucinous carcinoma. In J Surg Pathol 2018;1.

Bio

Dr. Killeen is Director of Clinical Laboratories at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview, Vice Chair for Clinical Affairs in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics. He also chairs the College of American Pathologists' Committee on Laboratory Accuracy Surveys and the Instrumentation Resource Committee. The committee monitors the quality of laboratory assays across the country through the distribution, collection and analysis of proficiency testing specimens and brings problems it identifies to the attention of the clinical pathology community.  Dr. Killeen conducts his clinical research through ARDL, a central laboratory for large-scale clinical trials. He is the Principal Investigator for the central laboratory activities of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT), an NIH-funded multi-center, randomized clinical trial designed to test whether a treatment program aimed at reducing systolic blood pressure to a lower goal than currently recommended (<120 mm Hg rather than <140 mm Hg) will reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Some 9,300 research subjects have been enrolled in the seven-year study, which ends in 2018. SPRINT investigators believe the study will provide important information on the risks and benefits of intensive blood pressure treatment targets in a range of high-risk participants including those with prior cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and those age 75 years or older.

Research Summary

Publications

Stoffel M, Greene DN, Beal SG, Foley P, Killeen AA, Shafi H, Terrazas E.  Direct-to-Consumer Testing for Routine Purposes. Clin Chem. 2022 Sep 1;68(9):1121-1127. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac106. PMID: 35971633.

SPRINT Research Group; Lewis CE, Fine LJ, Beddhu S, Cheung AK, Cushman WC, Cutler JA, Evans GW, Johnson KC, Kitzman DW, Oparil S, Rahman M, Reboussin DM, Rocco MV, Sink KM, Snyder JK, Whelton PK, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr, Ambrosius WT. Final Report of a Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 20;384(20):1921-1930. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901281. PMID: 34010531.

Garimella PS, Lee AK, Ambrosius WT, Bhatt U, Cheung AK, Chonchol M, Craven T, Hawfield AT, Jotwani V, Killeen A, Punzi H, Sarnak MJ, Wall BM, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. Markers of kidney tubule function and risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality in the SPRINT trial. Eur Heart J. 2019 Nov 1;40(42):3486-3493. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz392.

Ginsberg C, Craven TE, Chonchol MB, Cheung AK, Sarnak MJ, Ambrosius WT, Killeen AA, Raphael KL, Bhatt UY, Chen J, Chertow GM, Freedman BI, Oparil S, Papademetriou V, Wall BM, Wright CB, Ix JH, Shlipak MG; SPRINT Research Group. PTH, FGF23, and Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering in Chronic Kidney Disease Participants in SPRINT. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Dec 7;13(12):1816-1824. doi: 10.2215/CJN.05390518.

Malhotra R, Craven T, Ambrosius WT, Killeen AA, Haley WE, Cheung AK, Chonchol M, Sarnak M, Parikh CR, Shlipak MG, Ix JH; SPRINT Research Group. Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on kidney tubule injury in CKD: A longitudinal subgroup analysis in SPRINT. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018 Sep 28. pii: S0272-6386(18)30879-5. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.07.015.

Danni Li, Angela Radulescu, Rupendra T. Shrestha, Matthew Root, Amy B. Karger, Anthony A. Killeen, James S. Hodges, Shu-Ling Fan, Angela Ferguson, Uttam Garg, Lori J. Sokoll, Lynn A. Burmeister. Association of biotin ingestion with performance of hormone and nonhormone assays in healthy adults. JAMA 2017.;318(12):1150-1160.doi:10.1001/jama.2017.13705. https://goo.gl/yeqSt

Killeen AA: The Clinical Laboratory in Modern Healthcare. In Kasper D, Fauci A, Longo D, Hauser S, Jameson J, Loscalzo J (eds): Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 19^th Edition, 2015.

Bio

Dr. Klein is an anatomic pathologist with research interests in breast and gynecologic diseases and the application of technology to disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Klein and her colleagues conducted a study of Oncotype DX, a widely-used commercial assay for making chemotherapy decisions in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers, to compare the combined prognostic / predictive power of standard histology and immunohistochemical markers with Oncotype DX assay. Using equations they developed, they found a strong correlation between standard pathology results and the Oncotype DX assay score. They suggested that in some if not many cases standard pathology markers plus the use of pathology-generated equations derived by linear regression analysis constitute an accurate and cost-effective substitute for the commercial assay. Klein and fellow investigators have also explored quality assurance issues concerning the Oncotype DX assay, specifically the false negatives associated with the assay's detection of HER2 (ERBB2), an important prognostic and predictive marker in breast carcinoma.

Research Summary

Publications

• Erickson BE, Najjar O, Damast S, Blakaj A, Tymon-Rosario J, Shahi M, Santin A, Klein M, Dolan M, Cimino-Mathews A, Buza N, Ferriss JS, Stone RL, Khalifa M, and Fader AN. Human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in early stage uterine serous carcinoma: A multi-institutional cohort study. Gynecologic Oncology, 2020; 159 (1): 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.07.016.
• Lou E, Vogel RI, Hoostal S, Klein M, Linden MA, Teoh D, Geller MA. Tumor-stroma proportion as a predictive biomarker of resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Jun 1. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1943.
• Fitzpatrick M, Pulver T, Klein M, Murugan P, Khalifa M, Amin K. Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Uterus with Ovarian Involvement: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Am J Case Rep. 2016 May 6; 17:309-14. 

Research Summary

Dr. Koob is a member of the Division of Molecular Pathology and Genomics. His laboratory develops novel tools for engineering the genomes of laboratory animals to learn how genes that cause mitochondrial and neurodegenerative diseases function. These tools allow researchers to transfer the lengthy human DNA sequences of disease-causing genes into mice and track their function and create transgenic mice carrying human genes with consistent marker mutations so they can be tracked through tissue development and growth.Beginning with cell line research, Koop and his colleagues have now developed full mouse models in which the mitochondrial content of cells can be precisely controlled. They are using these models to study multiple sclerosis (MS), which can be artificially induced in mice. Different strains of mice with different mitochondrial genes are differentially susceptible to induced MS, suggesting that cellular mitochondria constitute the genetic susceptibility locus for the disease. They are working on a model that can control the cell types such as T-cells that may be involved in addition to the oligodendrocytes that MS disables. In MS, mismanaged protein accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The tight ER-mitochondria interface may include a signaling pathway for mitochondrial involvement in MS, which a good animal model can help to identify. Koob is using restriction enzymes that cut DNA differentially in different mouse strains, heteroplastic mice with different mitochondrial genomes, and a variant of the cre-lox recombination system (flox) to identify the specific cell types involved. Molecular tools are now available to pave the way for genetic therapy of mitochondrial diseases following animal studies.As a faculty researcher in the Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Koob is collaborating with among others Karen Hsiao Ashe who developed a mouse model for Alzheimer's disease in the 1990s. Koob's team can engineer specific mutations in the Alzheimer's gene that are reproducible through successive generations of laboratory mice, allowing them to control for the "noise" of genetic variation. The technique they developed using engineered bacterial plasmids which they put into mouse embryonic stem cells allows them to transfer larger intact segments of human DNA into mice than has previously been possible including expanded trinucleotide repeat sequences found in ataxias and Huntington's disease.In collaboration with researchers at the Mayo Clinic, Koob is developing a mouse model for a fairly common corneal dystrophy disease whose causative gene is characterized by an unstable expanded trinucleotide repeat. Using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and engineered plasmids, Koob's team has developed a technique that can replace unexpanded trinucleotide repeats with the expanded variants found in neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases and related diseases like corneal dystrophy.

Publications

• Castro M, Venkateswaran N, Peters ST, Deyle DR, Bower M, Koob MD, Boeve BF, Vossel K. Case Report: Early-onset behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia in patient with retrotransposed full-length transcript of Matrin-3 variant 5. Front Neurol. 2020 Dec 21;11:600468. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600468.
• Gamache JE, Kemper L, Steuer E, Leinonen-Wright K, Choquette JM, Hlynialuk C, Benzow K, Vossel KA, Xi W, Koob MD, and Ashe KH. Developmental pathogenicity of 4-repeat human tau Is lost with the P301L mutation in genetically matched tau-transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2020;40(1):220-236. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1256-19.2019
• Gamache J, Benzow K, Forster C, Kemper L, Hlynialuk C, Furrow E, Ashe KH, Koob MD. Factors other than hTau overexpression that contribute to tauopathy-like phenotype in rTg4510 mice. Nature Communications 10; June 6, 2019.   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10428-1.
• Yoon YG, Koob MD. Intramitochondrial transfer and engineering of mammalian mitochondrial genomes in yeast. Mitochondrion. 2019 May;46:15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.03.006. Epub 2019 Apr 11.