Wolfgang Gaertner
,
Credentials
MD, MSc

Division Chief of Colon & Rectal Surgery
Biography

Bio

Dr. Gaertner is originally from Vancouver, Canada, but spent most of his childhood and early life in Mexico. After receiving his medical degree from the Autonomous University of Guadalajara in Mexico, he completed a research fellowship, general surgery residency and colon and rectal surgery fellowship at the University of Minnesota. He is actively involved in both basic science and clinical research of diseases of the colon and rectum, and has published numerous articles and book chapters in his field. Dr. Gaertner is certified by the American Board of Surgery (ABS) and the American Board of Colon & Rectal Surgery (ABCRS); and his clinical expertise includes colorectal oncology, inflammatory bowel disease, and minimally invasive approaches to colorectal diseases.

Research Summary

Minimally invasive surgery for colorectal diseases (laparoscopy and robotic surgery) Colorectal Oncology Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Transanal endoscopic microsurgery Sphincter preserving operations for rectal cancer Diverticulitis Clostridium difficile infection after colorectal surgery Postoperative abdominal adhesions Parastomal hernia repair

Clinical Summary

Colon and rectal cancer; Diverticulitis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Anorectal diseases; Pelvic floor dysfunction; Laparoscopic and robotic surgery

Education

MD, Autonomous University of Guadalajara
M.Sc., Instituto Alfonso Reyes
Major: Marine Biology

Fellowships, Residencies, and Visiting Engagements

Clinical , Fellowship
University of Minnesota
Residency, Internship
University of Minnesota
Postdoctoral Research, Fellowship
University of Minnesota
Residency, Internship
American British Medical Center

Licensures and Certifications

Diplomate, American Board of Colon & Rectal Surgery
Diplomate, American Board of Surgery
Diplomate, Mexican Board of General Surgery
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) Step 3,
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) Step 2,
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) Step 1,
Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS),
Basic Life Support (BLS),
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS),
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Instructor,
Minnesota Medical Licence ,
Licensure/Certification Number: # 55282
DEA Registration Number,
Licensure/Certification Number: #FG3398383
Fellow, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons

Honors and Recognition

Recognized as 2023 Top Doctor by Mpls.St.Paul Magazine
2023
Super Doctors , rising star
2016
Super Doctors , rising star
2015
Top Doctors
2015
Earl C. Young Award , Outstanding Performance As A Senior Resident , Department of Surgery
2011
Resident Abstract Award, Minnesota Surgical Society and Minnesota Chapter of the American College of Surgeons Spring Meeting
2011
Best Resident Teacher
2010
Resident Abstract Award, best basic science presentation, Minnesota Surgical Society and Minnesota Chapter of the American College of Surgeons Spring Meeting
2007

Professional Memberships

Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
Academy of Surgical Research
American College of Surgeons
American Medical Association
Selected Presentations

Selected Presentations

Gaertner, W. B. "Consultants corner: difficult colorectal cancer cases – tumor board", University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2019.
Gaertner, W. B. "TME cage match – debate. Robotic approach", University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer", University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "The complex and refractory pilonidal", University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Consultants corner: difficult colorectal cancer cases – tumor board", University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Video abstract session (small bowel & colorectal).", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Washington, District of Columbia, United States. June 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Ostomies and stomal therapy", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Curran, T., Jensen, C., Kwaan, M., Madoff, R. D., Gaertner, W. B. "High rate of reoperation following combined abdominal wall reconstruction and Hartmann’s reversal should prompt evaluation of a staged approach", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Skube, S. J., Arsoniadis, E. G., Sulciner, M. L., Gilles, S. E., Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Melton-Meaux, G. B., Kwaan, M. "Colorectal lymphoma: a contemporary case series", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B., Gorrepati, M. L., Guo, D., Mehendale, S., Raskin, E. "Sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease: risk factors for extended length of hospital stay", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "The use of immunofluorescence in robotic colon and rectal surgery", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Colorectal considerations from gender reassignment surgery.", Core subjects symposium, Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons - Rare colorectal pathology symposium, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. May 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Who needs colectomy after percutaneous drainage of a diverticular abscess? ", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons., February 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Robotic ventral rectopexy: indications and operative technique step-by-step ", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, Merida, Mexico. February 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: friend or foe?", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, Merida, Mexico. February 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Surgical approaches to rectal prolapse", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. February 01, 2018.
Gaertner, W. B. "Parastomal hernia: should we be using prophylactic mesh?", Colorectal grand rounds presentation, OhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio, United States. November 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "An unusual case of multicystic peritoneal mesothelioma thought to be pseudomyxoma peritonei from appendiceal neoplasm", Annual Clinical Congress, American College of Surgeons, San Diego, California, United States. October 01, 2017.
Maguire, L., Jensen, C., Kwaan, M., Madoff, R. D., Gaertner, W. B. "Metformin increases complete pathologic response among diabetics with rectal cancer", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. June 01, 2017.
Skube, S. J., Aziken, N., Madoff, R. D., Gaertner, W. B., Melton-Meaux, G. B., Kwaan, M. "Does extraperitoneal stoma formation reduce the incidence of parastomal hernia?", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. June 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Quick shot session (small bowel & colorectal)", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, United States. May 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Do we need to operate on patients after successful percutaneous drainage of a diverticular abscess? ", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons. , San Juan del Rio, Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "HIPEC for colorectal adenocarcinoma: who and when?", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, San Juan del Rio, Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Margins are clear: do we still need preop radiation? ", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, San Juan del Rio , Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Preoperative endorectal ultrasound for rectal cancer. ", Grand rounds presentation. , Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Parastomal hernia: should we be using prophylactic mesh? ", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons., San Juan del Rio, Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "Rectal cancer", Annual meeting of the Mexican Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons, San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico. April 01, 2017.
Gaertner, W. B. "The use of Firefly™ in robotic colorectal resection", Robotic colon and rectal surgery workshop, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. November 01, 2016.
Arsoniadis, E. G., Fan, Y., Jarosek, S. L., Gaertner, W. B., Melton-Meaux, G. B., Madoff, R. D., Kwaan, M. "Decreased use of sphincter-preserving procedures among African Americans with rectal cancer", Clinical Congress (Owen H. Wangensteen Surgical Forum), American College of Surgeons, Washington, District of Columbia, United States. October 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "HIPEC for colorectal adenocarcinoma: who and when", 79th annual University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. September 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Colorectal Cancer", 79th annual University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. September 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Margins are clear: do we still need preop radiation?", 79th annual University of Minnesota principles of colon and rectal surgery course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. September 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Long-term outcomes in indeterminate colitis patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: function, quality of life & complications", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, May 01, 2016.
Lee, J. T., Skube, S., Melton-Meaux, G. B., Kwaan, M., Madoff, R. D., Gaertner, W. B. "Elective colectomy for diverticular disease in transplant patients: Is it worth the risk?", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Los Angeles, California, United States. May 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Inflammatory bowel disease south of the border: is this the same disease?", International colorectal surgery symposium: perspectives from Latin America, Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Los Angeles, California, United States. May 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Does hospital transfer impact outcomes after colorectal surgery?", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Los Angeles, California, United States. May 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal and colorectal cancer: what’s the evidence?", Grand rounds presentation , Fairview Southdale Hospital, Edina, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Elective treatment for diverticular disease: who needs a colectomy? ", Annual meeting of the Latin American association of coloproctology, International congress of coloproctology, Aguascalientes, Mexico. March 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Use of biologic prostheses in the pelvis and abdominal wall: what is the evidence? ", Annual meeting of the Latin American association of coloproctology, International congress of coloproctology, Aguascalientes, Mexico. March 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "When is it the optimal moment to operate after neoadjuvant therapy? ", Annual meeting of the Latin American association of coloproctology, International congress of coloproctology., Aguascalientes, Mexico. March 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Do we need to operate on patients after successful percutaneous drainage of a diverticular abscess?", Grand rounds presentation , Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. January 01, 2016.
Gaertner, W. B. "Local Excision For Cancer: Importance of Patient Selection", Cutting Edge Transanal Surgical Options Workshop, Principles of Colon and Rectal Surgery Course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. October 01, 2015.
Gaertner, W. B. "Parastomal Hernia: Should We Be Using Prophylactic Mesh?", Principles of Colon and Rectal Surgery Course, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. October 01, 2015.
Gaertner, W. B., Nunez-Garcia, E., Baldy-Spindel, I., Medina-Leon, J., Sordo-Meija, R. "Does Cyanoacrylate Glue Reinforcement Reduce Anastomotic Failure? Results of an Experimental Comparative Study", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. June 01, 2015.
Arias-Gutierrez, A., Laresgoiti-Servitje, E., Gaertner, W. B., Vega de Jesus, M., Obregon-Mendez, J. G., Dacanini, C. "Is early fundoplication associated with increased rates of regression of Barrett’s Esophagus?", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2015.
Gaertner, W. B. "Laparoscopic management of colovesical fistula", 8vo Congreso Internacional de Cirugia General (Asociacion Mexicana de Cirugia General), October 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B. "Management of postoperative complication in colon and rectal surgery. ", 38vo Congreso Internacional de Cirugia General (Asociacion Mexicana de Cirugia General), Leon, Mexico. October 01, 2014.
Cabrera-Collazo, K. L., Obregon-Mendez, J., Gaertner, W. B., Vega de Jesus, M., Decanini-Teran , C. "Intraperitoneal migration of a polypropylene cone as an intraoperative finding during contralateral laparoscopic hernia repair", 38vo Congreso Internacional de Cirugia General (Asociacion Mexicana de Cirugia General), Leon, Mexico. October 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A., Kwaan, M., Melton-Meaux, G. B. "Impact of postoperative clostridium difficile infection after colon and rectal operations", Tripartite Colorectal Meeting, Birmingham, United Kingdom. July 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B. "The role of Robotics in Colorectal Surgery.", XXIII Congreso Internacional de la AsociaciĂłn Mexicana de CirugĂ­a EndoscĂłpica. , Veracruz, Mexico. May 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B. "Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery. ", XXIII Congreso Internacional de la AsociaciĂłn Mexicana de CirugĂ­a EndoscĂłpica, May 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A., Kwaan, M., Melton-Meaux, G. B. "Impact of postoperative clostridium difficile infection after colon and rectal operations", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Hollywood, Florida, United States. May 01, 2014.
Diaz-Calderon, D., Gaertner, W. B., Decanini, C. "Modified Nissen fundoplication: operative technique and its impact on immediate postoperative complications", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, United States. May 01, 2014.
Estrada-Gomez, R. A., Decanini-Teran, C., Gaertner, W. B., Vega de Jesus, M., Obregon-Mendez, J. G., Arias-Gutierrez, A., De Rienzo-Madero, B. "A large, single-surgeon experience with laparoscopic redo fundoplication: operative technique and long-term outcomes", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, United States. May 01, 2014.
Gaertner, W. B. "Anal Fistula: cut, plug, flap or LIFT? ", 37vo Congreso Internacional de Cirugia General (Asociacion Mexicana de Cirugia General), Acapulco, Mexico. November 01, 2013.
Gaertner, W. B. "Complicated diverticular disease: current management and controversies.", American British Hospital Medical Association (General Session), Mexico City, Mexico. October 01, 2013.
Gaertner, W. B., Finne, C. O. "Bascom cleft lift operation: description of the technique and potential pitfalls", Annual John G. Buls Lecture, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2013.
Gaertner, W. B., Witt, J. L., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A., Finne, C., Spencer, M. "Ileal pouch fistulas after restorative proctocolectomy: management and outcomes", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Phoenix , Arizona, United States. May 01, 2013.
Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Rothenberger, D. A., Willis, D. J., Kwaan, M., Melton-Meaux, G. B. "Percutaneous Drainage of Colonic Diverticular Abscess: Is Colon Resection Necessary?", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Antonio, Texas, United States. June 01, 2012.
Gaertner, W. B., Al-Refaie , W. "Case presentation. Large intraperitoneal liposarcoma: treatment and outcomes", Minneapolis Surgical Society, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. January 01, 2012.
Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Rothenberger, D. A., Melton-Meaux, G. B. "Percutaneous Drainage of Colonic Diverticular Abscess: Is Colon Resection Necessary? ", Annual Minnesota Surgical Society Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2011.
Gaertner, W. B., Finne, C. O., Mellgren, A. F., Madoff, R. D. "Perianal hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn’s disease: is nonoperative treatment associated with better outcomes? ", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2010.
Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A., Spencer, M. P., Goldberg, S. M., Lowry, A. C. "Results of Combined Medical and Surgical Treatment of Rectovaginal Fistulas in Crohn’s Disease", Clinical Congress (Owen H. Wangensteen Surgical Forum) , American College of Surgeons, San Francisco, California, United States. October 01, 2008.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Felemovicius, I., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Two experimental models for generating abdominal adhesions", Annual Academic Surgical Congress, Huntington Beach, California, United States. February 01, 2008.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Goldberg, S. M., Finne, C. O. "Perianal Paget's disease treated with wide excision and gluteal flap reconstruction: report of a case", 93rd Annual Clinical Congress, American College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. October 01, 2007.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Finne, C. O., Alavi, K., Rothenberger, D. A., Madoff, R. D. "Fistula-associated anal adenocarcinoma: good results with aggressive therapy", Clinical Congress , American College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. October 01, 2007.
Gaertner, W. B., Decanini, A., Mellgren, A. F., Lowry, A. C., Goldberg, S. M., Madoff, R. D., Spencer, M. P. "Does Infliximab Infusion Impact Results of Operative Treatment for Crohn’s Perianal Fistulas? ", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, St. Louis, Missouri, United States. June 01, 2007.
Gaertner, W. B., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Two New Biologic Prostheses Compared with Alloderm® and Permacol® for Ventral Hernia Repair in the Rat", Annual Minnesota Surgical Society Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2007.
Gaertner, W. B., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Two New Biologic Prostheses Compared with Alloderm® and Permacol® for Ventral Hernia Repair in the Rat", Annual meeting of the Surgical Society of the Alimentary Tract, Washington, District of Columbia, Wales. May 01, 2007.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Felemovicius, I., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Antistatic prevention of postoperative adhesions", Annual meeting of the European Society of Coloproctology, Lisbon, Portugal. September 01, 2006.
Hagerman, G. F., Gaertner, W. B., Ruth, G. R., Potter, M. J., Karulf, R. E. "Bovine pericardium buttress reinforces colorectal anastomoses in a canine model", Annual meeting of the European Society of Coloproctology, Lisbon, Portugal. September 01, 2006.
Hagerman, G. F., Bruun, J. S., Hagerman, S., Goetz, L., Parker, S., Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A. "Functional outcome after surgery for internal rectal intussusception", Annual meeting of the European Society of Coloproctology, Lisbon, Portugal. September 01, 2006.
Bruun, J. S., Hagerman, G. F., Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, S., Goldberg, S. M., Mellgren, A. F., Madoff, R. D. "Abdominal rectopexy for full thickness rectal prolapse: does sigmoid resection improve functional outcome?", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. July 01, 2006.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Felemovicius, I., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Antistatic prevention of postoperative adhesions", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. June 01, 2006.
Hagerman, G. F., Gaertner, W. B., Ruth, G. R., Potter, M. J., Karulf, R. E. "Bovine pericardium buttress reinforces colorectal anastomoses in a canine model", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. June 01, 2006.
Hagerman, G. F., Bruun, J. S., Hagerman, S., Goetz, L., Parker, S., Gaertner, W. B., Madoff, R. D., Mellgren, A. "Functional outcome after surgery for internal rectal intussusception", Annual meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Seattle, Washington, United States. June 01, 2006.
Hagerman, G. F., Gaertner, W. B., Felemovicius, I., Bonsack, M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Prevention of adhesions to mesh and to tissue", 3rd International Hernia Congress, American and European Hernia Society, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. June 01, 2006.
Gaertner, W. B., Hagerman, G. F., Felemovicius, I., Bonsack , M. E., Delaney, J. P. "Prevention of Adhesions to Mesh and to Tissue", Annual Minnesota Surgical Society Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. May 01, 2006.
Decanini, C., Spaventa, A., Gaertner, W. B. "Endoscopy during refundoplications: does intraoperative guidance improve outcome", Clinical Congress, American College of Surgeons, San Francisco, California, United States. October 01, 2005.
Flores, L. M., Vidal, P., Padilla, R., Quijano, F., Martinez, A., Montañez, H., Gaertner, W. B. "Giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma: a case report", 19th World Congress of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Yokohama, Japan. December 01, 2004.
Flores, L. M., Cueto, J., Vazquez, A., Vidal, P., Golffier, C. E., Gaertner, W. B., Flores, J. M. "Successful laparoscopic approach for chronic gastric volvulus without a hiatal hernia", 19th World Congress of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Yokohama, Japan. December 01, 2004.
Flores, L. M., Espinoza, A., Flores, J. M., Golffier, C. E., Gaertner, W. B., Vidal, P. "Giant bilateral pheochromocytoma: is laparoscopic adrenelectomy the preferred surgical approach", 19th World Congress of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Yokohama, Japan. December 01, 2004.
Flores, L. M., Baquera, J., Lopez, J., Flores, J. M., Gaertner, W. B., Golffier, C. E., Vidal, P., Moussali, L. "Primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney: an unusual entity", 19th World Congress of the International Society for Digestive Surgery, Yokohama, Japan. December 01, 2004.
Contact

Contact

Address

MMC 195
420 Delaware St. SE
Minneapolis, MN 55455

Administrative Contact

Alexandra Broek | 612-625-7992 | broek012@umn.edu